Effects of level of processing on emotional memory: gist and details

The object of this study was to investigate whether level of processing (LOP) modulates enhanced memory performance for emotional stimuli, and, if so, whether the LOP effects relate to their gist and details. During the study phase, participants were presented with colourful pictures with negative, neutral and positive valences and encoded the emotional pictures under either a semantic (living/non-living judgement) or a perceptual (left/right position judgement) condition. During the test phase, they judged whether the presented picture was old or new in Experiments 1 and 2, and also judged whether a specific concept, labelled using words, had been studied in Experiment 2. The results showed that under both encoding conditions, the details of both negative and positive pictures were recognised better than those of neutral pictures. Also, the gist of negative pictures was recognised better than that of neutral pictures but only under the semantic condition. These data provide evidence that the LOP differentially modulates enhanced emotional memory for gist and details of pictures.     

Implementing family‐friendly employment practices in banking industry: Evidences from some African and Asian countries

We examined the effects of family‐friendly policies (child‐care benefits and work flexibility benefits) on organizational commitment and work–family conflict in four developing countries: China, India, Kenya, and Thailand. We also explored the boundary condition (e.g., perceived importance of family‐friendly programmes) under which family‐friendly policies are more (or less) effective in influencing organizational commitment and reducing work–family conflict. Results revealed national similarities on the effect of flexibility benefits on organizational commitment and work–family conflict. Specifically, we found that across the four countries work flexibility‐related family‐friendly policy was positively related to organizational commitment and negatively to perceived work–family conflict among those who perceived this policy as more important than less important. Instead, national variations are found in the results regarding child‐care benefits. Among these four countries, Kenya and Thailand are two countries in which child‐care‐related family‐friendly policies showed a significant and positive relationship with organizational commitment and/or a significant and negative relationship with work–family conflict. We also found child‐care‐related family‐friendly policies had differential effect among people with various perception of policy importance in Kenya and Thailand, but not in China and India. Particularly, child‐care‐related family‐friendly policy results in greater organizational commitment and lower work–family conflict among those who perceived this policy as more important than less important in Kenya and Thailand. Implications for cross‐cultural research, theory and practice are discussed.     

汉字认知过程中整字对部件的影响

英文研究中,"字优效应"是单词促进字母加工的一个重要依据。但中文研究中还存在一些争议。本研究通过两个实验考查了汉字的部件认知中,汉字整体对局部(部件)的影响。实验刺激材料分为三种,即左右结构或上下结构的真字、假字与部件字。目标部件为既能够放置于三种字符的左侧,又能放置于右侧(上部或下部)的汉字部件。实验一采用Reicher-Wheeler实验任务,先呈现刺激材料350ms,掩蔽后再呈现需要判断的目标部件,被试对目标部件进行按键反应。实验二中采用部件判断实验任务,先呈现需要判断的目标部件,再呈现刺激材料,被试对刺激材料中是否包含目标部件进行按键反应。记录反应时与正确率。27位健康女性大学生参与本实验。结果显示:(1)不论是Reicher-Wheeler实验任务还是部件判断实验任务,均显示部件字的部件认知判断速度最快。真字与假字相比,无"字优效应"。真字与部件字相比,存在着"字劣效应"。这些结果表明,汉字整字对汉字部件认知加工起到抑制作用;(2)两个实验任务均表现出汉字结构方式效应,即对左右结构的汉字的部件认知比上下结构的汉字更快;(3)部件的空间位置对部件识别存在影响。实验一中对下部件分辨最困难,分辨时间最长;实验二中发现对左部件的反应最快。字符结构方式效应与部件空间位置效应既存在于真字中,也存在于假字中。     

166例冠心病患者活动平板试验中室性心律失常的分析

探讨冠心病患者冠状动脉狭窄程度与室性心律失常的关系,用Mar-quette Case16型活动平板系统测试,采用改良的Bruce方案。结果显示,偶发室早在单支狭窄和多支狭窄中无明显差异,恶性室性心律失常发生率在多支狭窄中较单支狭窄明显增高。冠心病患者出现的恶性室性心律失常提示病变严重或预后较差。     

理性化的情感——东汉“矫情崇礼”现象探究

东汉出现了一股"矫情崇礼"的社会风气,表象背后是儒家礼制的日益渗透和"人情"的逐渐被"恶"化。面对情礼关系这个纷杂却又永恒的人生课题,"矫情崇礼"现象的出现彰显了东汉独有的时代特征。     

《周易》“元亨利贞”新解——兼论周代习贞习惯与《周易》卦爻辞的形成

《周易.乾卦》头四个字是"元亨利贞",历来有根本不同的解释。《易经.文言传》有著名的"四德"说,将"元"、"亨"、"利"和"贞"都读作单独的名词,即"善之长"、"嘉之会"、"义之和"和"事之干"。与此不同,不少注疏家将四个字分成两段,即"元亨"和"利贞",但是没有一致的理解。譬如,朱熹以为"利贞"是"利在于正"的意思,而高亨谓"利贞犹言利占也"。本文采取后一种译法,但是与朱熹和高亨又有不同。本文首先论证"亨"原文应该是"饗","元亨"或"元饗"的意思是本次贞卜的祷告被鬼神享受,然后又提出"利贞"应该读作"利于贞卜"的意思。表面看来,第一次贞卜的结果告诉贞卜者再进行贞卜似乎有违情理,然而本文论证中国古代卜法往往进行习贞。"利贞"是指导贞卜者再作习贞。     

四参数Logistic模型研究进展及其评析

在测验中存在着低能力被试答对高难度试题的猜测现象,和高能力被试答错容易试题的睡眠现象,此时可以使用四参数模型来分析测验数据.Barton和Lord认为应用四参数模型的实践意义不大,但结论的依据不充分.近年来研究者从测验项目拟合,改善被试能力估计等方面进行了分析,认为在四参数模型下可以有效纠正被试能力高估或低估现象,认为单、两、三参数模型是四参数模型的特例,建议使用四参数模型.     

宗教向高校渗透的隐性形式:文化宣教

在境外敌对势力主导的向高校的宗教渗透中,文化宣教已成为一种隐性形式。一些宗教团体和非政府组织打出"学术交流"的旗帜,资助国内一些高校和研究机构的学者建构教会之外的"文化神学",翻译出版以宣教为宗旨的图书,以"请进来"、"走出去"的方式举办带有宣教性质的研讨班,开设"知识性"、"学术性"的宗教课程和讲座。此类文化宣教,同教育与宗教相分离的原则相悖,是境外敌对势力同我争夺大学生的重要举措。     

触动觉对词汇学习和回忆的作用

本研究通过两个实验采用单因素被试内设计研究了触动觉对无意义词汇学习和回忆的作用。自变量设置了3 个水平,视觉学习—视觉回忆(水平1),视觉触动觉结合学习—视觉回忆(水平2),视觉触动觉结合学习—视觉触动觉结合回忆(水平3)。结果表明,在即时回忆条件下,触动觉对3字符词汇的学习和回忆都没有明显的促进作用。但是对5 字符词汇而言,在学习过程中,加入触动觉会明显提高学习成绩;在回忆过程中加不加触动觉对成绩影响不大。     

理解的应用性与伽达默尔的"实践哲学走向"

如何看待伽达默尔(Hans-Georg Gadamer,1900～2002)中晚期哲学之间的关系?[1]这是近年来我国诠释学研究颇为关注的问题.严平先生认为,20世纪60年代末～70年代初,在与哈贝马斯的论战中,伽达默尔逐渐开始了从哲学诠释学到实践哲学的转向;[2]张能为先生也认为伽达默尔晚期哲学"实现了由理论解释学向实践解释学的转变,将解释学与实践哲学联系起来";[3]而何卫平先生则在肯定晚期实践哲学转向的同时,着重强调它"实现了从理解本体论向价值伦理学的转变".