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241.
Microstructural investigations were performed on the interfacial reactions between eutectic SnIn solder and Cu substrate during reflowing at 433?K and solid-state aging at 373?K. Cu2(In,Sn) was identified as the only intermetallic compound (IMC) at the interface, which consists of two sublayers with different morphology, a fine-grained sublayer at the Cu side and a coarse-grained sublayer at the solder side. During solid-state aging, voids were found between these two Cu2(In,Sn) sublayers but not at the substrate interface, which is also attributed to the Kirkendall effect considering the different diffusion fluxes of Sn or In and Cu atoms in different sublayers. 相似文献
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Fracture behavior of Cu–Ni laminate composites has been investigated by tensile testing. It was found that as the individual layer thickness decreases from 100 to 20 nm, the resultant fracture angle of the Cu–Ni laminate changes from 72° to 50°. Cross-sectional observations reveal that the fracture of the Ni layers transforms from opening to shear mode as the layer thickness decreases while that of the Cu layers keeps shear mode. Competition mechanisms were proposed to understand the variation in fracture mode of the metallic laminate composites associated with length scale. 相似文献
244.
Helium retention in metals is related to their atomic structure and the type of defects they contain. In order to investigate the dependence of helium retention on structure, amorphous Fe79B16Si5 and crystalline FeBSi alloys were irradiated by helium ions at room temperature. In the crystalline alloy irradiated with 5 keV He+ ions, three types of helium trapping sites were found: surface defects produced by the irradiation, interstitial-type dislocation loops, and voids. Although these defects did not exist in the amorphous FeBSi alloy, we did observe thermal desorption peaks related to all three types. In addition, helium was released during the crystallization of amorphous FeBSi that had been irradiated by He+ ions. 相似文献
245.
Dmitri V. Louzguine-Luzgin Alain Reza Yavari Guoqiang Xie Shantanu Madge Song Li Junji Saida 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(2):139-148
This paper presents a study of the deformation behaviour of a glassy phase in two Zr-based alloys, Zr65Ni10Cu5Al7.5Pd12.5 and Zr65Al7.5Ni10Pd17.5, performed in situ in a transmission electron microscope. In contrast to the case of shear localisation and formation of 10–20 nm thick shear bands in deformed bulk glassy samples studied earlier, it is found that in thin (electron-transparent) samples the glassy phase in front of a crack deforms more homogeneously and no nanocrystallisation takes place. The reasons for such behaviour are discussed. According to the observed results, one can conclude that the studied metallic glasses can be intrinsically ductile in submicrometre-sized volumes. 相似文献
246.
Two types of stair-rod dislocation formed at junctions of {111} stacking faults in SrTiO3-SrRuO3 two-layer films on LaAlO3 substrates have been studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The first type, formed by the interaction of two stacking faults situated at the flat SrRuO3-LaAlO3 interface without any step, has a Burgers vector (a/3)<110>. The other type, formed by the interaction of two stacking faults, of which one starts from the SrRuO3-LaAlO3interface area involving an interface step, has a Burgers vector (a/3)<120>. The formation mechanism of the stair-rod dislocations and the effect of the step are discussed. 相似文献
247.
David J. Lane Frederick X. Gibbons Ross E. O'Hara Meg Gerrard 《Basic and applied social psychology》2013,35(3):228-238
This research tested whether social comparison can encourage adolescents to make less risky health decisions. Two studies demonstrated that when young adults compare themselves with drinkers, they become less willing to drink if they perceive dissimilarity between themselves and those drinkers. When participants in Study 1 compared with someone who drinks regularly, their perceived similarity to prototypical drinkers was positively related to their willingness to drink. In Study 2, participants identified or contrasted themselves with prototypical drinkers; those encouraged to contrast who also felt less similar to the prototype reported less willingness to drink. These studies support the prototype/willingness model's assumption that prototypes affect willingness to drink through social comparison. 相似文献
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三参照点理论(Tri-Reference Point Theory,Wang,2008a; Wang& Johnson,2012)以底线、现状和目标为参照点,将决策结果空间划分为失败、损失、获益和成功4个功能区域.根据3个参照点的心理权重的排序:底线>目标>现状,该模型继而推导出跨越不同区域的以现状为分界的双S-型的价值函数,以及据此产生的对于跨越不同参照点的预期结果的偏好转换、和损失-获益及失败-成功的两种不对称性.总之,风险决策的基本任务在于,在使得达到目标的可能性最大化的同时使底线不保的可能性最小化.三参照点理论将统计学和金融学中的均值与方差(均差)分析与行为决策研究中的参照点效应有机地结合在一起;在面对不同的风险选项时,通过分析各个预期结果的均差分布与3个参照点之间的关系作出适应性的决策.本文介绍了三参照点理论的基本推论、运行原则、实证检验、以及它与期望效用理论和前景理论相比较的异同之处.同时我们也探讨了三参照点理论对实践中管理决策的指导意义和多重启示. 相似文献
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