决策科学描述性范式的发展——构像理论

构像理论是Lee Roy Beach等人提出的一种行为决策研究的新取向.本文在介绍构像理论提出的背景的基础上,展示了该理论的核心概念,并对该理论在个体决策和组织决策两个层面上的研究成果进行了分析,最后对其未来发展进行了评价与展望,研究显示构像理论在传统决策理论基础上有了新的突破,并有巨大的应用前景.     

宋以前中国社会伦理相对薄弱的家族因素——从社会史研究的视角出发看汉唐时期的伦理问题

春秋战国时期至隋唐时期的中国社会生活主要有以下特点:(1)整个这段时间,以小家庭为主,其不但贯穿始终,甚至常常独步天下。(2)家族或宗族的形式十分有限,其不仅时隐时现,若有若无,更重要的是普遍不具有宋代以后家族或宗族那种制度性的形式。由此,建立在这一社会生活之上的伦理观念主要包括这样一些特征:(1)核心观念应当是能够普遍在基本家庭单位立足的"孝"观念;(2)普遍的小家庭形式,同时也会在财产、赡养等方面对"孝"观念形成侵蚀和背离;(3)就社会整体而言,缺乏更大的集合或更大的平台,由此也缺乏在更大的集合状况下或更大的平台基础上所制定的种种伦理规范,具体而言,即是宋以后社会那种家法族规;(4)偶尔浮现的一些家训是这一时期个别家族或宗族在伦理观念上的结晶,但它仅仅具有偶然性和或然性,而不具有必然性和盖然性,也就是说它不具有普遍的作为社会风尚的意义;(5)与此相关,以小家庭为平台的"利"观念或许在整个社会占据更为中心的位置,少数思想家对于"义"的美好愿望和善意引导由于没有切实的制度性平台作为依托而多半付诸东流。     

子夏与《乐》的传授

《乐》是孔子用以教学的主要内容之一,子夏深得其传,不仅善于演奏音乐,而且将古乐所代表的儒家思想传给后世。虽然古乐最终没能流传下来,但是子夏传播乐的贡献却是不能抹煞的。     

理解信仰问题的主要视角

信仰的问题十分复杂,基于不同的立场和视角完全可能对其给予不同的理解。本文即是对这些不同的视角做一个概略地考察,并在此基础上扼要分析考察信仰问题的若干维度。这些视角主要包括:基于宗教哲学的对信仰与理性的区别;基于人类学或社会学的广义的信仰概念;基于高端信仰的狭义信仰概念;基于亚伯拉罕宗教系统的一神信仰概念;基于宗教多元论的多元信仰概念;基于发展角度的考察:信仰可能由高端向低端的回归趋势。     

不同运动经历人群的内隐序列学习能力

考察不同运动经历人群的内隐序列学习能力。被试为上海体育学院小球运动员和非运动员;实验结合PDP,采用序列学习任务,并测试操作智商与记忆广度。结果发现,运动员在15个组段上的平均反应时、内隐学习量、自动提取贡献率上显著大于非运动员;不同水平运动员在内隐学习量上差异显著。研究结论:运动员的内隐序列学习能力显著好于非运动员,与运动水平有关,与智商无显著相关;这种内隐序列学习能力可能是某种运动能力的表现形式。     

The evolution of problem and social competence behaviors during toddlerhood: A prospective population‐based cohort survey

Research in developmental psychopathology has long been preoccupied with rather broad categories of behavior, but we know little about the specific behaviors that comprise these categories. The objective of this study was to: (a) estimate the prevalence of problem and social competence behaviors in the general population of children at 17 months of age, and (b) describe the continuity and discontinuity in the degree to which children exhibit these behaviors between 17 and 29 months of age. The results show that frequent problem behaviors are not typical of children under two years of age. Further, the results suggest that it is possible to distinguish between different types of problem behaviors before two years of age. In addition, the results show that gender differences in some problem behaviors are already present before two years of age, and increase in magnitude during toddlerhood. Finally, the results show that interindividual differences in problem behaviors observed before two years of age are stable. The predictive accuracy of frequent problem behaviors in children at 17 months of age was limited, however, with often a majority of toddlers not behaving this way a year later. Overall, our results suggest that toddlerhood represents a critical period when behavioral and emotional problems of potentially clinical significance emerge. Pediatricians should routinely ask parents to report the frequency of their young children's problem behaviors during child health supervision visits so that children whose frequent problem behaviors persist over time can be identified and possibly referred for treatment.     

自我同一性状态对时间透视体验的结构关系研究

用自编的大学生自我同一性状态量表和时间秀视体检量表对６４１名大学生时间透视的心理结构关系进行了测量。结果表明,在自人达成型与扩散两种没的同一性状态下,不仅对过去、现在、预期未来和理想未来的时间体验上均有积极与消极之分,而且在各种时间体验之间的结构关系上,前者的结构更为清晰,后者更为混乱,从而初步证实了自我同一性状在时间透视体验中的整合作用。     

Is more similar,better? Interacting effect of the cognitive‐style congruency and tacitness of knowledge on knowledge transfer in the mentor–protégé dyad

This study explored the effects of cognitive‐style congruency on knowledge transfer in the mentor–protégé dyadic relationship and the moderating effect of tacitness of knowledge in this relationship. Using data from 148 sales personnel dyads, we found that the more congruent the cognitive style between a mentor and a protégé, the more effective the knowledge transfer between them. Moreover, the tacitness of knowledge moderated this association as expected. When the knowledge to be transferred was organized, systematic, and clear, this positive relationship was weakened. This relationship was particularly strong when the knowledge to be transferred was tacit, ambiguous, and unclear.