1型糖尿病免疫调节治疗：愿望与现实

1型糖尿病动物模型干预研究显示有效阻断口细胞自身免疫性损伤可阻止或逆转新发生的糖尿病。已完成的临床免疫调节干预研究的结果并不令人满意,目前有数百项Ⅰ、Ⅱ期临床阶段的干预试验研究在招募或进行中。早期临床试验发现长期服用T细胞抑制剂环孢素A可提高新诊断1型糖尿病的缓解率,但是由于担心其长期服用所致的肾毒性等不良反应,终止了其在1型糖尿病治疗中的进一步应用。目前针对1型糖尿病免疫调节治疗主要集中在抗原特异性（胰岛素、谷氨酸脱羧酶65）、抗原非特异性（抗淋巴细胞单克隆抗体）免疫调节治疗和促进β细胞新生等措施方面,这三大类措施的联合应用有可能实现更有效的干预效果和较低的毒副作用。目前针对1型糖尿病的三级预防临床研究的现实意义较一、二级预防研究更大,可在较短时间内、花费更少的资金和精力获得更有效的干预措施,而这些试验的成功更加有利于一、二级1型糖尿病的预防。寻找更准确的1型糖尿病发病预测和评价干预效果的方法是成功探索1型糖尿病干预手段的关键之处。     

中外医学人文教育的比较及启示

国外医学人文教育有明确的目标、切实可行的措施、鲜明的教育特色和强有力的师资保障,相比较而言,我国的医学人文教育暴露出很多问题,医学人文教育改革步履维艰.通过抓住医学人文教育目标、学习主体、教学体系、内容、方式等几个医学人文教育的中心环节,探索了我国医学人文教育改革的新途径.     

项目诊断性在特征推理中作用的研究

该研究在Murphy等人2005年研究的基础上,探讨了项目诊断性对特征推理的影响。实验1探讨归类情况下,项目诊断性对特征推理的影响。实验2探讨不归类情况下,项目诊断性对特征推理的影响。实验结果表明,归类与否决定项目诊断性是否影响特征推理。在归类情况下,高低两种诊断性条件下的特征概率判断没有差异,表明归类情况下,项目诊断性不影响特征推理;在不归类的情况下,高低两种诊断性条件下的特征概率判断存在显著差异,表明不归类情况下,项目诊断性影响特征推理。     

Parents Living with HIV in China: Family Functioning and Quality of Life

In China, HIV shifts the lifestyle of not only parents living with HIV/AIDS, but also their children, partners, and extended families. We examined factors related to the quality of life of parents living with HIV and the relation between family functioning and individual quality of life. Interviews were conducted with a total of 116 parents living with HIV/AIDS. Analyses of variance, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the relation between family functioning and quality of life. We found a significant association between family functioning and individual quality of life for parents living with HIV. In particular, family sociability had a strong relationship with the quality of life of parents living with HIV. Parents living with HIV from families where both parents are HIV-positive reported a lower level of family sociability than those from families with only one HIV-positive parent. HIV disclosure, family sociability, and number of children per family were found to be significant predictors of overall quality of life for the population. Study findings underscore the importance of developing interventions that improve family functioning for people living with HIV/AIDS in China.     

Neurogenetic approaches to habituation and dishabituation in Drosophila

We review work in the major model systems for habituation in Drosophila melanogaster, encompassing several sensory modalities and behavioral contexts: visual (giant fiber escape response, landing response); chemical (proboscis extension reflex, olfactory jump response, locomotory startle response, odor-induced leg response, experience-dependent courtship modification); electric (shock avoidance); and mechanical (leg resistance reflex, cleaning reflex). Each model system shows several of Thompson and Spencer’s [Thompson, R. F., & Spencer, W. A. (1966). Habituation: A model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of behavior. Psychological Review, 73, 16–43] parametric criteria for habituation: spontaneous recovery and dishabituation have been described in almost all of them and dependence of habituation upon stimulus frequency and stimulus intensity in the majority. Stimulus generalization (and conversely, the delineation of stimulus specificity) has given insights into the localization of habituation or the neural architecture underlying sensory processing.The strength of Drosophila for studying habituation is the range of genetic approaches available. Mutations have been used to modify specific neuroanatomical structures, ion channels, elements of synaptic transmission, and second-messenger pathways. rutabaga and dunce, genes of the cAMP signal pathway that have been studied most often in the reviewed experiments, have also been implicated in synaptic plasticity and associative conditioning in Drosophila and other species including mammals. The use of the Gal4/UAS system for targeting gene expression has enabled genetic perturbation of defined sets of neurons. One clear lesson is that a gene may affect habituation differently in different behaviors, depending on the expression, processing, and localization of the gene product in specific circuits. Mutations of specific genes not only provide links between physiology and behavior in the same circuit, but also reveal common mechanisms in different paradigms of behavioral plasticity. The rich repertoire of models for habituation in the fly is an asset for combining a genetic approach with behavioral, anatomical and physiological methods with the promise of a more complete understanding.     

Linking family dysfunction to suicidal ideation: Mediating roles of self-views and world-views

Research on suicide has documented various factors predicting suicidal ideation. The present study focused on the pathways emanating from one of the external, environmental forces (i.e. family dysfunction) through internal responses (beliefs about oneself and about the world), to suicidal ideation among Hong Kong Chinese. Using structural equation modelling, we tested the mediating roles of depressive self-views (including stress perception, depressive cognition and negative self-esteem) as well as two dimensions of social axioms (social cynicism and negative reward for application). Multi-group analysis showed that the mediation model was invariant across both males and females. Being socialized into a problematic family of origin affected multiple aspects of one's assessments of both oneself and one's world which, in turn, lead to greater suicidal ideation. Our findings provide important implications for assessing suicidal risk and guiding interventions in clinical treatment.     

An argument game for stable semantics

In this paper, we present a discussion game for argumentationunder stable semantics. Our work is inspired by Vreeswijk andPrakken, who have defined a similar game for preferred semantics.In the current paper, we restate Vreeswijk and Prakken's workusing the approach of argument labellings and then show howit can be adjusted for stable semantics. The nature of the resultingargument game is somewhat unusual, since stable semantics doesnot satisfy the property of relevance.     

The Pleasant Life, the Engaged Life, and the Meaningful Life: What about the Balanced Life?

Martin Seligman, in his very popular book Authentic Happiness (Seligman 2002), argued that authentic happiness is derived from three major sets of experiences in life, namely experiencing pleasantness regularly (the pleasant life), experiencing a high level of engagement in satisfying activities (the engaged life), and experiencing a sense of connectedness to a greater whole (the meaningful life). In this paper, we maintain that balance in life contributes significantly to subjective well-being. Balance contributes to subjective well-being because of the satisfaction limit that people can derive from a single life domain. People have to be involved in multiple domains to satisfy the full spectrum of human development needs. Different life domains tend to focus on different human developmental needs. More specifically, balance contributes to subjective well-being because subjective well-being can only be attained when both survival and growth needs are met. High levels of subjective well-being cannot be attained with satisfaction of basic needs or growth needs alone. Both needs have to be met to induce subjective well-being.     

An improved screw-free method for electrode implantation and intracranial electroencephalographic recordings in mice

We recently developed a glue-based method for the implantation of intracranial electrodes in mice. Our approach is to secure a preconstructed electrode array using a cyanoacrylate-based glue (similar to Krazy Glue). This method is applicable to both young and aging mice and is suitable for long-term electroencephalographic recordings. In the present experiment, we explored whether the glue-based method is capable of securing individual electrodes in addition to securing the electrode array. C57 black mice aged 25–35 days or 13–19 months were operated on under isoflurane anesthesia. Monopolar or bipolar electrodes were inserted independently in the ipsilateral hippocampal CA3 and entorhinal cortical areas, and they were fixed onto the skull using the glue together with dental acrylic, but without anchoring screws. We found that the implanted electrodes were stable and allowed repeat intracranial recordings and electrical stimulation in freely moving mice.     

海德格尔对希腊哲学的诠释与哲学的可能性

当代＂实践哲学＂的复兴是一个很重要的思想现象,而它的源头正是海德格尔早年关于希腊哲学、尤其是关于亚里士多德的一系列讲座。但是,海德格尔本人却并没有走上实践哲学的道路。相反,他在根本上否定了实践哲学的可能性。在后期,他更是否定了哲学本身的可能性。总体来看,海德格尔对哲学的看法同他对希腊哲学的解释密切相关。鉴于此,本文的主要任务是讨论海德格尔关于希腊哲学的具体看法,并希望藉此对哲学的起源、历史和当下可能性等相关问题做一些力所能及的澄清。