项目诊断性在特征推理中作用的研究

该研究在Murphy等人2005年研究的基础上,探讨了项目诊断性对特征推理的影响。实验1探讨归类情况下,项目诊断性对特征推理的影响。实验2探讨不归类情况下,项目诊断性对特征推理的影响。实验结果表明,归类与否决定项目诊断性是否影响特征推理。在归类情况下,高低两种诊断性条件下的特征概率判断没有差异,表明归类情况下,项目诊断性不影响特征推理;在不归类的情况下,高低两种诊断性条件下的特征概率判断存在显著差异,表明不归类情况下,项目诊断性影响特征推理。     

The Pleasant Life, the Engaged Life, and the Meaningful Life: What about the Balanced Life?

Martin Seligman, in his very popular book Authentic Happiness (Seligman 2002), argued that authentic happiness is derived from three major sets of experiences in life, namely experiencing pleasantness regularly (the pleasant life), experiencing a high level of engagement in satisfying activities (the engaged life), and experiencing a sense of connectedness to a greater whole (the meaningful life). In this paper, we maintain that balance in life contributes significantly to subjective well-being. Balance contributes to subjective well-being because of the satisfaction limit that people can derive from a single life domain. People have to be involved in multiple domains to satisfy the full spectrum of human development needs. Different life domains tend to focus on different human developmental needs. More specifically, balance contributes to subjective well-being because subjective well-being can only be attained when both survival and growth needs are met. High levels of subjective well-being cannot be attained with satisfaction of basic needs or growth needs alone. Both needs have to be met to induce subjective well-being.     

不同照明条件下中国青年女性彩色图片的喜爱肤色

本研究采用类例判断法,在不同光源下对22张图片肤色样本逐一地进行主观评价。使用的照明光源为D65、CWF和A三种标准光源,色温分别为6500K、4150K和2856K。垂直照明,45°观察．肤色样本的视角为2°。实验结果表明：观察者在A光源下比D65光源更容易地评价肤色样本的质量,即在D65光源下的满意样本,在A光源下其喜爱程度趋于提高,而对不满意样本的喜爱程度趋于降低或基本相同;在三种照明条件下,被评为最佳肤色的样本与真实肤色有些偏离,色调略为偏黄,亮度较高,饱和度则非常接近;在肤色的波长范围内,亮度较高而饱和度偏低的肤色样本往往是优选样本。     

Holes in illusory conjunctions

To address the fundamental question “What are primitives of visual perception?” we tested the hypothesis of early topological perception employing illusory conjunctions. Through a series of experiments, which were well controlled for various feature errors, we consistently observed the illusory conjunction of holes, which are a typical kind of topological property. Subjects in our experiments perceived illusory hollow figures in which the conjoined holes underwent geometric transformations. This indicates that the holes were perceived as abstract topological entities available at an early stage, which provides further support for the hypothesis of topological perception.     

The Effects of Statistical Format and Population Specificity on Adolescent Perceptions of Cell Phone Use While Driving

Research on risk communication has established that people are influenced by numerical values as well as geographical reference points, or populations, in statistical messages. The ratio bias theory predicts that messages featuring higher casualty numbers will be more influential than similar messages featuring smaller values. However, research on the effects of population specificity predicts that risk messages containing specific populations with naturally lower casualty values will be more effective than similar messages containing larger populations and proportionally greater numbers. This study investigated the contradiction between ratio bias and the effects of population specificity. Students in a drivers’ education class (N?=?112) were randomly assigned to read one of four sets of statistical messages about cell phone use while driving that featured either a general (for example, United States) or specific population (for example, Nassau County), and was expressed using one of two statistical formats, frequencies (for example, “9,000 car accidents…”) or probabilities (for example, “25 % of car accidents…”). Participants then rated their intentions to and perceived risk of using cell phones while driving. Participants who viewed messages featuring general populations along with their naturally larger statistics reported lower intentions to use cell phones while driving than those who were exposed to messages with smaller numbers, but more specific populations. Results suggest that emphasizing larger-valued numbers may be a more effective means of risk communication than depicting specific conditions. These findings have implications for the enhancement of driver safety education to discourage the use of cell phones while driving by teenage drivers.     

信息加工的阶段及其年龄差异源

选择7—19岁的被试140名,对四种不同任务进行操作。结果表明,相同图形的空间调整过程速度除7岁年龄段以外,其余年龄段变化较小;不同图形调整过程速度、不同字母转换过程速度和不同字母的转换差异速度到了11岁以后,基本保持不变,而且,图形调整速度和字母转换速度基本相同;指数函数能较好地描述选择和反应过程速度随年龄增长而变化的特性,不能较好地描述字母转换过程速度随年龄增长而变化的特性,直线方程则不能很好地描述不同任务加工速度随年龄增长而变化的特性;最后,本研究对信息加工阶段及其年龄差异源进行了讨论。     

Shear band evolution during large plastic deformation of brittle and ductile metallic glasses

Four monolithic metallic glasses (MMGs) with different plasticities varying from brittle to ductile behavior under unconstrained loading were subjected to small punch testing. All specimens undergo large plastic deformation with multiple cobweb-like shear bands under these conditions. The process of shear band evolution was carefully controlled and investigated. Plasticity of MMGs is characterized by equivalent plastic strain ε* (product of shear band density and critical shear offset). Thus, this article provides an experimental basis for a better understanding of the shear band evolution during plastic deformation of MMGs.     

消费决策中羊群行为的启发式加工及产生根源

消费决策中的羊群行为是消费市场上的一种典型现象.它是指在不确定情境中,消费者模仿他人进行消费决策的行为.本研究通过两个实验逐步揭示了消费决策中羊群行为的产生根源.实验1研究表明,消费决策中的羊群行为是消费者利用一致性启发式或能力启发式加工信息的结果.实验2通过内隐联想测验进一步研究表明,个体使用两种启发式的原因在于消费者对大众和专家的刻板印象:他们总是认为大众和专家的决策是正确的.     

A covariance structure analysis of employees' response to performance feedback

This longitudinal study used D. R. Ilgen, C. D. Fisher, and M. S. Taylor's (1979) feedback process model as a theoretical framework to determine whether a sequential chain of cognitive variables mediates an individual's response to performance feedback. One hundred two employees were surveyed 2 weeks after their performance appraisal, and performance was assessed 11 months later at the end of the review cycle. Covariance structure analysis supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the constructs underlying the model and the constellation of structural relationships. A set of cognitive variables was found to completely mediate the relationship between an individual's receipt and response to feedback. Implications for the feedback process and future research are discussed.