小学儿童“互反可逆性“发展的研究

本文运用成分分析法研究经典的皮亚杰有关儿童“互反可逆性”的理论。     

分心对记忆影响的年龄差异研究

本文研究了分心对老年人和青年人的记忆影响的年龄差异。分心条件是在判断简单算术题正误的同时,识记指向记忆和故事。结果:1.在上述分心条件下,老年组记忆作业受损比青年人更为严重;分心扩大了记忆的年龄差异。2.相对分心消耗值显然受刺激条件的影响,属片断记忆的故事分节分,分心消耗最大,类似语义记忆的故事意义分,分心消耗最小,介乎两者之间的指向记忆分,分心消耗居中。3.分心对上述记忆的影响有适应现象,两组的第二次分心测试成绩均较第一次进步。     

发散性思维的年龄差异及“位置法”记忆训练的作用

该研究的目的是探讨发散性思维的年龄差异以及“位置法”记忆训练对发散性思维的迁移作用。训练组为经过记忆训练的青年人24名,老年组20名,对照组为相匹配的青年人24名、老年人19名。结果表明:(1)在图形、符号、语义三方面的流畅性、变通性和独特性上,老年组均很显著地比青年组差。青年组的个别差异较大,老年组的更大,尤其是独特性。(2)青年训练组的图形流畅性、独特性及语义的独特性成绩显著优于其对照组,老年训练组图形的变通性有优于其对照组的趋势(P=.052),说明“位置法”记忆训练对发散性思维有一定的间接迁移作用,尤其是对青年人。(3)发散性思维与想象力、数字符号、训练前和训练后词的记忆以及图形的记忆成绩均有很显著正相关。而词汇成绩只与训练组两项发散性思维有显著相关。     

神经症患者MMPI模式特点的研究

本研究总结了1112例神经症患者MMPI测查结果,探讨了神经症患者MMPI的模式特点。研究结果表明,本症患者除K、Mf-f分外其余量表原始分均显著高于常模。以中国T分60为界,大部分神经症患者都表现在1、2、3、7量表上升高,两点编码模式为12/21、13/31、23/32或27/72型。其基本符合率和完全符合率在70％以上。本文还探讨了神经症各型的编码特点,它与临床表现相符。故作者认为MMPI对神经症患者的心理状态和心理特征评定和描述,可为本症的诊断和心理治疗提供较为客观的依据。     

窗口形状对视觉局域运动知觉的影响

根据人类视觉运动中小孔问题(Aperture Problem)的观点,如果通过小孔观察一个运动的光栅,那么人类视觉系统能够检测的唯一运动只有光栅的法向运动分量。本文设计了一系列不同形状的窗口,研究窗口内视觉系统的局域运动知觉。研究结果表明,窗口内视觉系统的局域运动知觉,包括主观运动方向和速度大小,取决于窗口的形状及光栅的朝向。传统的小孔问题的观点显然是片面的。     

Stroop interference: Hemispheric difference in Chinese speakers

Some recent studies have demonstrated that the processing of color is favored by the nondominant hemisphere in English-speaking subjects. Single Chinese logographs in Japanese- as well as Chinese-speaking subjects are similarly favored. In the present study, it was hypothesized that more Stroop interference would occur in the nondominant hemisphere because the two processes involved in the Stroop effect (i.e., reading logographs and naming colors) are possibly localized in that hemisphere in Chinese-speaking subjects. Eighteen right-handed Chinese-English bilinguals were used as subjects. There were three conditions in each visual field: Interference, reading, and naming. Each slide was presented for 150 msec preceded by a fixation dot. Subjects were asked to verbally report as fast and as accurately as possible either the color words or the color names, depending upon the condition. Reaction times and error rates were analyzed. As expected, more Stroop interference was obtained when color words were presented in the left visual field. This result is in direct contrast with that of Y-C. Tsao, T. Feustel, and C. Soseos 1979, Brain and Language, 8, 367–371. In that study, more Stroop interference was obtained when the materials were presented in the right visual field in English-speaking subjects.     

Startle reflex inhibition in the rat: its persistence after extended repetition of the inhibitory stimulus

Startle reflexes to intense sound bursts are inhibited by weak stimuli that briefly precede their elicitation. In three experiments the startle stimulus (a 110-dB SPL tone burst) was presented 100 ms after the final link in a train of stimuli, the length of the train varying from 1 to 1,000, its repetition rate varying from 1 per s to 10 per s, and its constituents being 40 dB or 50 dB white noise bursts of 25 ms duration. Inhibition was invariant across train length and repetition rate. In a final experiment the startle stimulus was presented a variable interval after the final link, from 40 ms to 1280 ms, with 1 or 100 noise bursts (50 dB) in the train. Inhibition developed more rapidly following the last member of the 100-stimulus train, suggestive of a "priming" or sensitization effect of stimulus repetition, but its overall strength and subsequent rate of decay were not different in the two conditions. The general persistence of inhibition following these extended series of stimuli reveals that reflex inhibition must be the outcome of a fixed and obligatory process associated with sensory input.     

口语对书面言语的支持作用——来自脑损伤病人言语障碍的神经语言学分析

听、说、读、写是有文化的正常人言语交际的四个基本环节。言语行为有两个方面即:口语行为和书面言语行为。这两个方面有着各自的神经结构基础。但就个体言语发展来看,从听语到口语,到书面言语却又是相继形成,相互推动,相互制约的统一的大脑过     

成年人日常生活记忆的研究

采用三项记忆作业,对１２０例２０—８５岁的被试进行日常记忆和实验室记忆的比较研究,目的为探讨日常记忆的年龄差异及其年老化特点。结果表明：（１）三项记忆成绩均随增龄而减退,其中年老老年组减退明显;（２）作业难度比较：经方差分析结果表明,它对记忆成绩有显著作用,作业难度自评与方差分析相符,“地名”最易,“人姓”居中,“无意义图形再认”最难,因为“地名”为日常生活记忆,难度小于后者（为实验室记忆）。老年人日常生活记忆减退缓慢,他们可利用知识经验补偿记忆减退,使之保持较好。     

Gender and marital status differences in depression: The effects of chronic strains

Although women evidently have higher depression levels than men and singles have higher depression levels than the married, the reasons for these differences are yet unclear. This paper investigates whether differences in the stress-producing circumstances of the lives of men and women, and the married and unmarried, might explain the differences in their levels of depression. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households, we found that gender differences in depression were accounted for by chronic strains. Family-based strains and economic hardship are significant predictors of higher distress in women. Chronic strains also explain why variations in depression are more pronounced among the married than among the unmarried.Bowling Green State University