关于高等师范院校公共必修课《心理学》教材的几个理论问题

一九七八年五月在杭州召开了全国心理学专业学术会议。为了适应教学上的迫切需要,教育部高等教育司副司长肖岩同志在会上组织部分高等师范院校的代表讨论协作编写高等师范院校公共必修课《心理学》教材的问题,要求新编教材必须在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的指导下,紧密联系实际,加强基础理论知识,正确吸取国内外科学研究的成果,注意反映教育战线的新成就,努力做到比原有的教材有所提高,为在实现四个现代化的新长征中,全面贯彻党的教育方针,提高教育质量,多出人材,早出人材服务。经讨论初步确定了编写的原则,组织了编写的力量,安排了工作的日程并提出了一些有关教学计划的建议。     

关于智力的本质

智力这个概念长期以来缺乏一个公认的定义,作者根据当代的材料尝试提一个定义,供讨论。这个定义是:智力是脑神经活动的针对性、广扩性、深入性和灵活性在任何一项神经活动和由它引起并与它相互作用的意识性的心理活动中的协调反映。     

北京地区儿童内外倾向人格特征的研究

本研究使用艾森克人格问卷(少年),测试在校儿童370人,发现:男孩的外倾性和倔强性高于女孩,而女孩的情绪性和掩饰高于男孩;儿童的情绪性、外倾性和倔强性都有随年龄而增加的趋势,自身隐蔽和掩饰则随年龄减少;从量表统一关系分析:精神质低的儿童较多,精神质和神经质都低的也多;与前人文献相比,现在男孩的冒险性和女孩的社会活跃性较为明显。     

“轴心”“连续”“突破”问题再审视

"轴心""连续""突破"问题分别涉及雅斯贝斯、张光直及马克斯·韦伯等人的理论,覆盖哲学、历史、宗教及文明类型、传统等诸多领域,且其中所延伸出的问题又极为丰富。本文可以视作是作者在此前研究基础上的一个总结或概括性思考。文章共六个部分,各部分标题依次为:一、雅斯贝斯:"轴心说";二、张光直:"连续"与"突破";三、马克斯·韦伯:"传统"与"革命";四、"偶然性"与"特殊性"之于"突破"或"革命"的意义;五、"静止"与"运动",关乎历史合法性;六、"大传统"与"小传统"。希望通过对这些问题本身及其延伸性的思考,能够深化相关问题的研究,或者能够使相关思考更丰富也更具体。     

从比较哲学到世界哲学——从谭嗣同《仁学》中的“通”论看比较哲学的前景

中国近现代哲学从一开始就是从比较文化的视野展开并以比较哲学的面目出现的,尽管在当时并没有比较哲学的学术意识.虽然当时的比较哲学还仅是以哲学比较的初级形式展开的,然而,这一新的哲学出发点使得中国近现代哲学表现出强烈的跨文化特征.     

Influence of the large–small split effect on strategy choice in complex subtraction

Two main theories have been used to explain the arithmetic split effect: decision‐making process theory and strategy choice theory. Using the inequality paradigm, previous studies have confirmed that individuals tend to adopt a plausibility‐checking strategy and a whole‐calculation strategy to solve large and small split problems in complex addition arithmetic, respectively. This supports strategy choice theory, but it is unknown whether this theory also explains performance in solving different split problems in complex subtraction arithmetic. This study used small, intermediate and large split sizes, with each split condition being further divided into problems requiring and not requiring borrowing. The reaction times (RTs) for large and intermediate splits were significantly shorter than those for small splits, while accuracy was significantly higher for large and middle splits than for small splits, reflecting no speed–accuracy trade‐off. Further, RTs and accuracy differed significantly between the borrow and no‐borrow conditions only for small splits. This study indicates that strategy choice theory is suitable to explain the split effect in complex subtraction arithmetic. That is, individuals tend to choose the plausibility‐checking strategy or the whole‐calculation strategy according to the split size.     

Transitions in sleep problems from late adolescence to young adulthood: A longitudinal analysis of the effects of peer victimization

Adolescence is a developmental period with high vulnerability to sleep problems. However, research identifying distinct patterns and underlying determinants of sleep problems is scarce. This study investigated discrete subgroups of, changes in, and stability of sleep problems. We also examined whether peer victimization influenced sleep problem subgroups and transitions in patterns of sleep problems from late adolescence to young adulthood. Sex differences in the effects of peer victimization were also explored. In total, 1,455 male and 1,399 female adolescents from northern Taiwan participated in this longitudinal study. Latent transition analysis was used to examine changes in patterns of sleep problems and the effects of peer victimization on these changes. We identified three subgroups of sleep problems in males and two in females, and found that there was a certain level of instability in patterns of sleep problems during the study period. For both sexes, those with greater increases in peer victimization over time were more likely to change from being a good sleeper to a poor sleeper. The effects of peer victimization on baseline status of sleep problems, however, was only significant for males, with those exposed to higher levels of peer victimization more likely to be poor sleepers at baseline. Our findings reveal an important role of peer victimization in predicting transitions in patterns of sleep problems. Intervention programs aimed at decreasing peer victimization may help reduce the development and escalation of sleep problems among adolescents, especially in males.

     

A Comparison of Written,Vocal, and Video Feedback When Training Teachers

We compared the effectiveness of and preference for different feedback strategies when training six special education teachers during a 5-day summer training program. In Experiment 1, teachers received written or vocal feedback while learning to implement two different types of preference assessments. In Experiment 2, we compared either written or vocal feedback to vocal feedback combined with video replays of performance while training the teachers to implement two variations of discrete-trial training. The different forms of feedback were similarly effective for all of the participants. However, all of the teachers showed a preference for vocal feedback when they could choose which form of feedback they would receive from the experimenter. Results have important implications for the use of feedback when training teachers.     

Association between cognitive vulnerability to depression - dysfunctional attitudes and glycaemic control among in-patients with type 2 diabetes in a hospital in Beijing: a multivariate regression analysis

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and cognitive vulnerability to depression (dysfunctional attitudes) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 245 valid records from June 2016 to December 2016 were collected from a hospital in Beijing. Participants were asked to complete four questionnaires (Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, and World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Short Form) to assess mental health and quality of life. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to determine the correlations between HbA1c, mental health, quality of life and other clinical variables. The results showed that dysfunctional attitudes were associated with HbA1c, with a standardized regression coefficient (β) of .13 (p = .01), although 1 h C-peptide (β = ?.75, p < .0001) was the most significant predictor of HbA1c in the regression model. The results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes, as a cognitive vulnerability to depression, were a relevant factor in HbA1c, although further studies are needed to establish the nature of the connection between dysfunctional attitudes and glycaemic control in diabetes patients.     

The role of regional heterogeneity in age-related differences in functional hemispheric asymmetry: an fMRI study

Neuroimaging literature has documented age-related hemispheric asymmetry reduction in frontal regions during task performances. As most studies employed working memory paradigms, it is therefore less clear if this pattern of neural reorganization is constrained by working memory processes or it would also emerge in other cognitive domains which are predominantly lateralized. Using blocked functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present study used a homophone judgment task and a line judgment task to investigate age-related differences in functional hemispheric asymmetry in language and visuospatial processing respectively. Young and older adults achieved similar task accuracy although older adults required a significantly longer time. Age-related functional hemispheric asymmetry reduction was found only in dorsal inferior frontal gyrus and was associated with better performance when the homophone condition was contrasted against fixation, and not line condition. Our data thus highlights the importance of considering regional heterogeneity of aging effects together with general age-related cognitive processes.