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841.
Shame is notoriously ambivalent. On one hand, it operates as a mechanism of normalization and social exclusion, installing
or reinforcing patterns of silence and invisibility; on the other hand, the capacity for shame may be indispensible for ethical
life insofar as it attests to the subject’s constitutive relationality and its openness to the provocation of others. Sartre,
Levinas and Beauvoir each offer phenomenological analyses of shame in which its basic structure emerges as a feeling of being
exposed to others and bound to one’s own identity. For Sartre, shame is an ontological provocation, constitutive of subjectivity
as a being-for-Others. For Levinas, ontological shame takes the form of an inability to escape one’s own relation to being;
this predicament is altered by the ethical provocation of an Other who puts my freedom in question and commands me to justify
myself. For Beauvoir, shame is an effect of oppression, both for the woman whose embodied existence is marked as shameful,
and for the beneficiary of colonial domination who feels ashamed of her privilege. For each thinker, shame articulates the
temporality of social life in both its promise and its danger. 相似文献
842.
Prusak BG 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2011,32(4):271-283
As media reports have made widely known, in November 2009, the ethics committee of St. Joseph’s Hospital in Phoenix, Arizona,
permitted the abortion of an eleven-week-old fetus in order to save the life of its mother. This woman was suffering from
acute pulmonary hypertension, which her doctors judged would prove fatal for both her and her previable child. The ethics
committee believed abortion to be permitted in this case under the so-called principle of double effect, but Thomas J. Olmsted,
the bishop of Phoenix, disagreed with the committee and pronounced its chair, Sister Margaret McBride, excommunicated latae sententiae, “by the very commission of the act.” In this article, I take the much discussed Phoenix case as an occasion to subject the
principle of double effect to another round of philosophical scrutiny. In particular, I examine the third condition of the
principle in its textbook formulation, namely, that the evil effect in question may not be the means to the good effect. My
argument, in brief, is that the textbook formulation of the principle does not withstand philosophical scrutiny. Nevertheless,
in the end, I do not claim that we should then “do away” with the principle altogether. Instead, we do well to understand
it within the context of casuistry, the tradition of moral reasoning from which it issued. 相似文献
843.
In this paper I focus on a central phenomenological concept in Michel Henry’s work that has often been neglected: generation.
Generation becomes an especially important conceptual key to understanding not only the relationship between God and human
self but also Henry’s adoption of radical interiority and his critical standpoint with respect to much of the phenomenological
tradition in which he is working. Thus in pursuing the theme of generation, I shall introduce many phenomenological-theological
terms in Henry’s trilogy on Christianity as well as how he understands the relationship between phenomenology and theology.
In the final sections of the paper, I turn to positively defining Henry’s notion of divine generation and examine the theological
implications of it in light of his confrontation and rejection of the doctrine of creation in the book of Genesis found in
his book, Incarnation: une philosophie de la chair. Humans are not created but are eternally generated, a bold claim that brings Henry to the brink of a kind of interiorized
pantheism or Gnostic dualism. Finally, I offer some critical comments specifically about Henry’s doctrine of generation in
light of the tension between auto-affection and hetero-affection and thus how one might think “after Henry” in light of the
basic Augustinian theological distinction between self and God and the intentionality of faith opened up by that distinction. 相似文献
844.
Chimpanzees at Budongo, Uganda, regularly gesture in series, including ‘bouts’ of gesturing that include response waiting
and ‘sequences’ of rapid-fire gesturing without pauses. We examined the distribution and correlates of 723 sequences and 504
bouts for clues to the function of multigesture series. Gesturing by older chimpanzees was more likely to be successful, but
the success rate of any particular gesture did not vary with signaller age. Rather, older individuals were more likely to
choose successful gestures, and these highly successful gestures were more often used singly. These patterns explain why bouts
were recorded most in younger animals, whereas older chimpanzees relied more on single gestures: bouts are best interpreted
as a consequence of persistence in the face of failure. When at least one gesture of a successful type occurred in a sequence,
that sequence was more likely to be successful; overall, however, sequences were less successful than single gestures. We
suggest that young chimpanzees use sequences as a ‘fail-safe’ strategy: because they have the innate potential to produce
a large and redundant repertoire of gestures but lack knowledge of which of them would be most efficient. Using sequences
increases the chance of giving one effective gesture and also allows users to learn the most effective types. As they do so,
they need to use sequences less; sequences may remain important for subtle interpersonal adjustment, especially in play. This
‘Repertoire Tuning’ hypothesis explains a number of results previously reported from chimpanzee gesturing. 相似文献
845.
Martin-Malivel J 《Animal cognition》2011,14(3):415-426
Humans readily group component elements into a coherent perceptual whole and perceive the global form of visual patterns in
priority over local features, which stands in contrast to at least some data from the animal literature, suggesting possible
species differences in perceptual processes. In this study, chimpanzees and baboons were required to match intact and partially
contour-deleted line-drawings in a computerized task in order to further explore the ability of nonhuman primates to group
component elements into a coherent perceptual whole and to determine to what extent they use the global form or the local
features. Experiment 1 showed that the baboons and chimpanzees matched intact continuous line-drawings (intact-intact) more
easily than partially contour-deleted line-drawings (deleted-deleted). Both species could also match partially deleted line-drawings
with their intact version (deleted-intact), but at a lower performance level. Experiment 2 further showed that subjects from
the two species could match partially deleted coherent line-drawings (deleted-deleted) more easily than their scrambled incoherent
versions (scrambled-scrambled). They could however match the coherent deleted forms with their scrambled version (deleted-scrambled).
It is suggested that solutions of these tasks rely on the processing of both global and local cues, with no clear-cut species
difference in that ability. Overall, the results show that contour completion of line-drawings was not easy. Implications
on the processing of human-made two-dimensional representations such as line-drawings are discussed. 相似文献
846.
The structure and shape of the urban environment influence our ability to find our way about in the city. Understanding how
the physical properties of the environment affect spatial behavior and cognition is therefore a necessity. However, there
are inherent difficulties in empirically studying complex and large-scale urban environments. These include the need to isolate
the impact of specific urban features and to acquire data on the physical activity of individuals. In the present study, we
attempted to overcome the above obstacles and examine the relation between urban environments and spatial cognition by testing
the spatial behavior of rats. This idea originated from the resemblance in the operative brain functions and in the mechanisms
and strategies employed by humans and other animals when acquiring spatial information and establishing an internal representation,
as revealed in past studies. Accordingly, we tested rats in arenas that simulated a grid urban layout (e.g. Manhattan streets)
and an irregular urban layout (e.g. Jerusalem streets). We found that in the grid layout, rat movement was more structured
and extended over a greater area compared with their restricted movement in the irregular layout. These movement patterns
recall those of humans in respective urban environments, illustrating that the structure and shape of the environment affect
spatial behavior similarly in humans and rats. Overall, testing rats in environments that simulate facets of urban environments
can provide new insights into human spatial cognition in urban environments. 相似文献
847.
Introduction
In recent time there has been ample discussion concerning censorship of research conducted in two labs involved in avian influenza virus research. Much of the debate has centered on the question whether the methods and results should reach to open disclosure given the “dual use” nature of this research which can be used for nefarious purposes.Methods
This paper reviews the discussion to date but centers on epistemological issues associated with initial justification of this research and what this entails for continuation of this research despite US governmental biosecurity concerns. The question here is whether there was reasonable moral warrant for genetic alteration of the H5N1 influenza virus.Conclusion
The paper concludes with philosophical (ethical) justification for continuation of this research.848.
Jacquineau?AzétsopEmail author Blondin?A?Diop 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2013,8(1):8
Universal access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Chad was officially declared in December 2006. This presidential initiative was and is still funded 100% by the country’s budget and external donors’ financial support. Many factors have triggered the spread of AIDS. Some of these factors include the existence of norms and beliefs that create or increase exposure, the low-level education that precludes access to health information, social unrest, and population migration to areas of high economic opportunities and gender-based discrimination. Social forces that influence the distribution of dimensions of well-being and shape risks for infection also determine the persistence of access barriers to ART. The universal access policy is quite revolutionary but should be informed by the systemic barriers to access so as to promote equity. It is not enough to distribute ARVs and provide health services when health systems are poorly organized and managed. Comprehensive access to ART raises many organizational, ethical and policy problems that need to be solved to achieve equity in access. This paper argues that the persistence of access barriers is due to weak health systems and a poor public health leadership. AIDS has challenged health systems in a manner that is essentially different from other health problems. 相似文献
849.
850.
Angela?A.?Manginelli Nadine?Langer Diana?Klose Stefan?PollmannEmail author 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2013,75(6):1103-1117
In a series of experiments, we investigated the dependence of contextual cueing on working memory resources. A visual search task with 50 % repeated displays was run in order to elicit the implicit learning of contextual cues. The search task was combined with a concurrent visual working memory task either during an initial learning phase or a later test phase. The visual working memory load was either spatial or nonspatial. Articulatory suppression was used to prevent verbalization. We found that nonspatial working memory load had no effect, independent of presentation in the learning or test phase. In contrast, visuospatial load diminished search facilitation in the test phase, but not during learning. We concluded that visuospatial working memory resources are needed for the expression of previously learned spatial contexts, whereas the learning of contextual cues does not depend on visuospatial working memory. 相似文献