Treating animals as ends

Conclusion Starting with a moral theory famous for being antagonistic toward animal rights, I have argued that we do have direct duties toward some animals, specifically those animals most closely related to human beings, whose behavior is reasonably interpreted as the result of conscious choice. Like animal rights views, the Kantian view escapes the intuitive counter-examples leveled at simple versions of utilitarianism. It rules out causing pain to the protected animals and also rules out killing them painlessly. But the Kantian view does not rule out painless experimentation at the cost of ruling out even harmless observation of animals. Nor is it restricted to a doctrine of negative obligations. The Kantian view forbids actions we intuitively think are wrong, allows those we think are permissible, and enjoins those we think are praiseworthy.     

Development and Validation of the Homophobia Scale

This study describes the development and validation of the Homophobia Scale. The scale was developed to assess the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of homophobia. The participants (n=321 for the field trials and n=122 for test–retest reliability) were college students from a large Midwestern university. Results yielded a 25-item questionnaire consisting of three factors: a factor that assesses mainly negative cognitions regarding homosexuality, a factor that assess primarily negative affect and avoidance of homosexual individuals, and a factor that assesses negative affect and aggression toward homosexual individuals. Concurrent validity was established using The Index of Homophobia (Hudson & Ricketts, 1980). The phases of scale development and implications of the results are discussed.     

The Reinvention of Behavioral Health Services in the VA System

The Veterans Health Administration under the direction of Kenneth Kizer, M.D., has faced the challenge of providing high-quality health care while controlling costs. Under Dr. Kizer's direction, VA hospitals are moving toward managed patient centered primary care. Hospital organization, funding, and clinical practices have been changed. Reorganization has meant a variety of possibilities for psychologists employed in the VA system.     

The Two Faces of Codependent Relating: A Research-Based Perspective

Using an overview of the controversial concept of codependency as a backdrop, the paper summarizes outcomes of a project devoted to developing and applying a technique for assessing codependent relating. Results support the clinically based contention that there is a pattern of relating in dysfunctional relationships that warrants the label codependent, and that some (but not all) cases of such relating stem from a distinctive codependency personality syndrome. These results gave rise to a perspective that combines a relational process with a dispositional view of codependent relating, and proposes that codependency may be either endogenous (chronic) or exogenous (reactive).     

L'évaluation subjective directe des émotions ressenties au sein du couple

This present study examined the relationship between interpersonal affects, personality, psychological distress, attachment and marital adjustment. More specifically, we hypothesized that the inclusion of a direct subjective evaluation of interpersonal affects would add to our understanding of marital adjustment, even when other variables (personality, psychological distress, attachment) are being taken into account. The sample included 204 heterosexual French Canadian married or cohabiting couples. Results showed that women experienced more feelings of insecurity, unfairness, depreciation and powerlessness than men. Also, individuals who were less satisfied with their marriage reported more feelings of insecurity, unfairness, depreciation and powerlessness.     

Order of recall,output interference,and the modality effect

Summary In free recall, the order of recall following auditory and visual presentation differs; it tends to be forward for auditory but backward for visual. The first two experiments examined to what extent this difference in output order could account for the modality effect (i.e., a superior retention of auditorily as opposed to visually presented words). Order of recall was manipulated using postcued (Experiment 1) and precued (Experiment 2) procedures. Whereas the modality effect was unaffected with postcueing it was reduced to approximately half its size with precueing. It was concluded from these two studies that although output order cannot explain the whole modality effect, it does seem to play an important role for part of the effect in some situations. Experiments 3 and 4 used a mixed-mode and a probed recall procedure, respectively, to examine the role of output interference in modality experiments. The data suggested that output interference effects were non-monotonic; they were greater for visual than for auditory early in recall, but apparently no different later in recall. The two-store hypotheses (Murdock and Walker, 1969) was elaborated slightly to account for these results.This research was supported by Research Grants APA 146 from the National Research Council of Canada and OMHF 164 from the Ontario Mental Health Foundation. We would like to thank Doris Glavnov and Janet Metcalfe for help with the data analyses.     

Even cowboys sing the blues: Difficulties experienced by men trying to adopt nontraditional sex roles and how clinicians can be helpful to them

Difficulties clinicians experience in appropriately treating men attempting to adopt nontraditional sex roles are discussed and suggestions made to ameliorate these difficulties. While the impact of the women's movement has made therapists more sensitive to societal influences on the behavior of women, comparable attention has not been paid to societal influences on the sex-role stereotypical behavior or to the price paid by men who violate stereotypical sex-role expectations. Further, clinicians who have been socialized into dominant societal values may have difficulty tolerating men who are trying to abandon higher status traditional masculine values for nontraditional ones; such clinicians are unlikely to provide decent treatment for males espousing new sex roles.     

A factor analysis of the original Stanford-Binet scale

From the original Stanford-Binet scale, those items passed by between 10 and 90 per cent of a group of ten-year-old children were analyzed by the centroid method. Upon rotation, there appeared a common factor, for which two explanatory hypotheses are offered, the more tenable being that it is an effect of maturation. Primary factors tentatively identified are Number, Space, Imagery, Verbal Relations and Induction. A sixth factor apparently involves a reasoning ability and a seventh can not be interpreted.The writer is indebted to Dr. L. L. Thurstone for his interest and assistance throughout this study and to Dr. Andrew W. Brown, who made possible the collection of data at the Institute for Juvenile Research, Chicago, Illinois.     

Curriculum-based measures of writing across grade levels

This study compared the technical adequacy of curriculum-based measures in written expression across diverse grade levels. Students (n = 484) completed two narrative writing samples in response to story starters. Samples were scored for the number of words written (TW), the number of correct word sequences (CWS), and the number of correct minus incorrect word sequences (CWS-ICWS). Alternate-form reliability and criterion-related validity coefficients of the curriculum-based measures were examined to determine differences between the coefficients according to grade level.Results indicated moderate to strong alternate-form reliability coefficients and variable criterion-related validity coefficients. The data from this study support the need for curriculum-based measures of writing to become more complex as students age and become more skilled.