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191.
Stephen P. Badham Kimberley A. Wade Hannah J. E. Watts Natalie G. Woods Elizabeth A. Maylor 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2013,20(2):289-295
Criminal suspects with distinctive facial features, such as tattoos or bruising, may stand out in a police lineup. To prevent suspects from being unfairly identified on the basis of their distinctive feature, the police often manipulate lineup images to ensure that all of the members appear similar. Recent research shows that replicating a distinctive feature across lineup members enhances eyewitness identification performance, relative to removing that feature on the target. In line with this finding, the present study demonstrated that with young adults (n = 60; mean age = 20), replication resulted in more target identifications than did removal in target-present lineups and that replication did not impair performance, relative to removal, in target-absent lineups. Older adults (n = 90; mean age = 74) performed significantly worse than young adults, identifying fewer targets and more foils; moreover, older adults showed a minimal benefit from replication over removal. This pattern is consistent with the associative deficit hypothesis of aging, such that older adults form weaker links between faces and their distinctive features. Although replication did not produce much benefit over removal for older adults, it was not detrimental to their performance. Therefore, the results suggest that replication may not be as beneficial to older adults as it is to young adults and demonstrate a new practical implication of age-related associative deficits in memory. 相似文献
192.
Kerri Woods 《Res Publica》2013,19(1):81-94
This article draws out two implications for cosmopolitan or global friendship from an examination of a recent work on civic friendship in the domestic sphere: (1) Insofar as it is the case that civic friendship, as defined by Schwarzenbach (On civic friendship: Including women in the state. Columbia University Press, New York, 2009) is necessary for justice in the state, it is also the case that the absence of global justice can be partially explained by the absence of what might be called cosmopolitan friendship. (2) If we consider the practicalities of civic friendship, we find that cosmopolitan friendship is an even more difficult and demanding project than we might have imagined. 相似文献
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Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterized by motor and/or vocal tics. Tics are thought to be temporarily suppressible, and it is believed that suppression requires significant attentional resources. The aim of the current study was to examine the impact of an attention-demanding distraction task on tic suppression. A secondary aim was to examine whether performance on that task decreased during concomitant periods of suppression. Nine children with TS, ages 9-15, participated in the study. An alternating treatment design was used to compare three conditions, free-to-tic baseline (BL), reinforced tic suppression (SUP) and reinforced tic suppression plus a distraction task (SUP + DIS). Tic frequencies were significantly higher during BL conditions than both SUP and SUP + DIS conditions, and tic frequencies during SUP and SUP + DIS did not differ. Accuracy on the distraction task decreased during SUP + DIS as compared to BL. Results suggest that contextual distractions may not negatively impact tic frequencies. In addition, accuracy on an attention-demanding task may be impacted if a child is simultaneously suppressing. 相似文献
195.
James Barabas Robert B. Goldstein Henry Apfelbaum Russell L. Woods Robert G. Giorgi Eli Peli 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(4):757-770
This article describes a system for tracking the line of primary gaze (LoPG) of participants as they view a large projection
screen. Using a magnetic head tracker and a tracking algorithm, we find the onscreen location at which a participant is pointing
a head-mounted crosshair. The algorithm presented for tracking the LoPG uses a polynomial function to correct for distortion
in magnetic tracker readings, a geometric model for computing LoPG from corrected tracker measurements, and a method for finding
the intersection of the LoPG with the screen. Calibration techniques for the above methods are presented. The results of two
experiments validating the algorithm and calibration methods are also reported. Experiments showed an improvement in accuracy
of LoPG tracking provided by each of the two presented calibration steps, yielding errors in LoPG measurements of less than
2° over a wide range of head positions. Source code for the described algorithms can be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society
Web archive,http://www.psychonomic.org/archive/. 相似文献
196.
This brief review summarizes translational and intervention research in the area of sports performance. We describe studies with youth, collegiate, and elite athletes; identify recent trends; and propose recommendations for future research. 相似文献
197.
Mathieson LC Murray-Close D Crick NR Woods KE Zimmer-Gembeck M Geiger TC Morales JR 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(7):977-987
The current study adopts a relational vulnerability model to examine the association between hostile attribution bias and
relational aggression. Specifically, the relational vulnerability model implicates the interactive effects of a number of
relational risk factors in the development of relational aggression. A sample of 635 3rd, 4th, and 5th grade students (50.2%
females) completed a self-report measure assessing hostile attribution bias and emotional distress for relational provocations.
Peer nominations and teacher reports of relational aggression and relational victimization were also collected. Results supported
the relational vulnerability model for girls only. Specifically, hostile attribution bias was associated with relational aggression
only when relational victimization and emotional distress were also high. Implications for future research and clinical practice
are discussed. 相似文献
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Escape extinction has been shown to be highly effective in the treatment of food refusal; however, unpleasant side effects such as extinction bursts may accompany extinction procedures. Bursting has been reported to occur in 24% to 39% of all cases for which extinction was used as a component during treatment of problem behavior. Although commonly used in treatments, the occurrence of extinction bursts in the treatment of pediatric food refusal has not been studied. This study measured the frequency of bursting in 10 children for whom escape extinction was used to treat food refusal. Results showed that extinction bursts were observed in 30% of the children included in the study, although they were relatively brief and resolved quickly. Considerations for using escape extinction in interventions will be discussed. 相似文献