糖尿病的免疫抑制治疗

淡化糖尿病的分型为我们提供了一个全新的思维空间.即传统的1型和至少部分2型糖尿病可能都是一种自身免疫性疾病,而目前流行的炎症学说可能是对认可免疫损伤是糖尿病发病理论的一个过渡,我们应该重新审视糖尿病的早期治疗和研究其慢性并发症的发病机理.我们则采用小剂量、长时间的治疗理念,早期接受这种免疫治疗的患者出现低血糖的症状,遂减少胰岛素的剂量;再次出现低血糖,我们就继续减少胰岛素的荆量.结果,有部分患者完全摆脱了胰岛素.我们对糖尿病的再认识是建立在对多脏器活检的基础之上.我们的活检结果表明,糖尿病肾病存在着免疫损伤.糖尿病眼底病变是使患者致盲的主要病因,糖尿病患者的眼底病变是一种自身免疫损伤的结果.我们尝试用小剂量的免疫抑制剂环孢茵素A(25 mg bid)治疗糖尿病眼底出血,取得了不错的疗效,也证实糖屎病眼底病变是一种血管炎,与自身免疫痛变有关.其他的器官还包括垂体、大脑的血管、糖尿痛足、冠心痛、皮肤的病变和肌肉活检的免疫组化也均有证据表明,免疫损伤是导致多种慢性并发症的罪魁祸首,是一种多器官免疫损伤的结果无论是1型糖尿痛,还是2型糖尿病,肌细胞表面或多或少均有免疫复合物沉积.这些免疫复合物的存在势必会影响胰岛素与肌肉细胞表面的胰岛素受体结合,即胰岛素抵抗的存在.为此,我们在临床上广泛采用了免疫抑制治疗的理念治疗糖尿病.应用小剂量胰岛素和小剂量环孢素A治疗早期发现的糖尿病取得了不错的疗效.唯一担心的副作用发生在肝脏,即部分糖尿病患者会出现总胆红索升高,而也有一部分患者总胆红素不升高.     

GEORGE TYRRELL AND KARL RAHNER: A DIALOGUE ON REVELATION

The reality of revelation was one of the fundamental questions that occupied 1 Tyrrell as a writer until he died on 15 July 1909. The centenary of his death is an opportune time to engage this English Modernist in a dialogue with Karl Rahner on the subject of revelation. Tyrrell insists on the primacy of the interior experience of revelation. An exaggerated emphasis on inner religious experience, however, led him inevitably to a separation of the interior dimension of revelation from its verbal expressions and doctrinal formulations.
Rahner also affirms the primacy of the originating inner experience of God but stresses at the same time the intrinsic unity between this transcendental revelation and its categorical, historical dimension. Revelation corresponds to the symbolic nature of the addressee. The Mystery of the Incarnation is the point of reference for understanding God's self-communication. The fullness of revelation has been realized in the indissoluble and irreversible unity of the Divine Logos with the Man Jesus.     

公共物品两难中相互依赖关系对合作行为的影响

本文关注初始关系建立过程中互动双方相互依赖关系对个体合作行为的影响,认为情境中表征个体间相互依赖关系的线索会对激活被试在情境中的社会动机并影响被试的信任信念,进而影响互动双方的合作行为。操作互动双方问基于互动制约的相互依赖和基于利益共同的相互依赖,模拟高相互依赖和低相互依赖关系情境。结果表明：①不同的相互依赖关系能够激活不同的社会动机和信任信念;②不同的相互依赖关系中,被试的合作行为有显著差异;③在特定的相互依赖关系中,被试的合作行为与其本身的信任倾向无显著相关;④特定相互依赖关系下被试的社会动机带有策略性,信任信念对被试合作行为的预测能力较强。     

时序信息和空间信息在工作记忆中的分离存储

采用相对新近性判断范式（judgments of relative recency）,通过三个实验探讨了工作记忆中时序信息和空间信息的存储方式及其关系。实验一比较了有无空间线索两种条件下时序信息的记忆绩效,结果发现,有无空间线索并不影响对时序信．E-的记忆。实验二和实验三通过控制刺激呈现的视野范围和减少呈现位置的不确定性来利化空间线索,结果表明,时序信息的记忆绩效也不受空间线索的影响。由此推论,工作记忆中的时序信息和空间信息是分离编码存储的,加入空间线索并不能提高时序信息的记忆绩效。     

惯用语理解的多种心理机制

惯用语是比喻性表达的一种。对惯用语句法分析导致其字面意义的通达,对惯用语语义分析导致其比喻意义的通达,两种加工存在矛盾。针对这种矛盾,研究者提出惯用语理解的非建构观点、建构观点和关联理论假说。非建构观点认为对惯用语的理解是比喻意义的直接提取;建构观点认为对惯用语的理解词素发挥重要作用;关联理论假说认为对惯用语的理解是寻求词素和整词最大程度的语义关联,以及语用过程中信息交流的最优功效。大量研究表明,不能简单的将惯用语加工的心理机制纳入统一模型内,惯用语加工受到材料和语用等诸多因素的影响,惯用语理解遵循多种心理加工机制。     

打破封闭 迅猛发展

我是第一次来五台山,感触特别深,第一是省、市领导的人文素质特别高,对整个五台山的研究工作支持很大,尽管我第一次来五台山,但我与五台山结缘可能有十多年了,事实上,我在读博士的时候就开始写关于五台山的文章,并在《五台山研究》上发表。因此说结缘较早。佛家常说,三十年看山是山,看水是水,再过三十年看山不是山,看水不是水。三十年后又是看山是山,看水是水,这是一个认识不断深化的过程。五台山既有很壮丽的自然景观,也有历史悠久的人文景观,是个历史与自然的二重体,这就是向外对话的一个很好的条件。自然景观在于保护和利用,而人文景观在于重建     

竞技运动中的工作记忆

竞技运动中的工作记忆是竞技运动认知研究中较为成熟的一个领域, 对运动表现具有重要影响。现有研究主要涉及运动决策、运动表现失常和运动损伤三个方面。研究者以传统工作记忆容量测试对受试者进行容量大小区分后, 分配到决策任务中, 以了解工作记忆容量与决策表现间的关系。针对运动表现失常的研究表明, 刻板印象威胁造成的认知资源损耗降低了工作记忆容量, 为运动表现失常的解释与避免提供了新的思路。对暂时性脑震荡导致的工作记忆变化研究为进一步揭示工作记忆的脑机制提供了支持。虽然现有竞技运动中工作记忆的研究在数量上并不占优势, 但在研究成果上确实有可圈可点之处。     

大学生优秀辩手与非辩手的非形式推理能力比较

为考察大学生优秀辩手与非辩手非形式推理能力的差异,运用"提示访谈法"对大学生中的优秀辩手与非辩手的普通大学生进行了比较研究。结果表明:大多数优秀辩手达到间接反驳推理水平,而多数非辩手处在直接反驳推理水平。优秀辩手不论在功能性和条件性理由的数量上,还是在理由领域广度上都显著优于普通大学生。在反驳式推理过程中,优秀辩手的间接反驳次数显著多于非辩手。研究表明大学生优秀辩手的非形式推理能力显著优于非辩手。     

The role of blood pressure, cortisol, and prolactine among soldiers injured in the 1991–1993 war in Croatia

Ninety soldiers with at least three months of combat exposure—60 injured soldiers (30 with permanent disabling and 30 with nondisabling injuries), 30 noninjured soldiers and 30 healthy controls—were interviewed and investigated with physiological (Prolactine, Cortisol, BP, Hb) and psychological tests (MMPI), IES-15 (Impact of Event Scale), PTSS (Post-Traumatic Symptom Scale). Their was related injuries had a different effect on the physiological stress response of the soldiers as reflected in the levels of prolactine, cortisol, hemoglobin and blood pressure. In a report of personality characteristics of the same soldiers, we demonstrated that the experience of posttraumatic stress was not dependent upon physical injury, but rather on the psychological appraisal of the situation. The results of the present article confirm earlier findings that the relationship between physiological and psychological consequences of trauma are complex, and that the perception of an event and the social context within which the traumatized soldier exists is as important as the event itself. The physiological response to the trauma varied greatly among the soldiers regarding the psychosocial impact of the consequence of the injury. So the anticipation of future possible trauma among less severely wounded soldiers (expected to go back to war) was followed by pathological stress responses. Trauma seems to operate somewhat independently from the overt conscious appraisal of the situation and relationship between psychological, psychosocial, and physiological aspects are interrelated in a multifactorial way. An integrative approach is therefore of great importance in assessment as well as in treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Editorial Note This historical article is being published for the first time. It is based on the Ph.D. thesis of Dr. Harry A. Teitelbaum for which he was awarded a doctorate by the University of Maryland in College Park in 1936. The dissertation was stored prior to publication and was not rediscovered until 1997. Teitelbaum’s work was performed during the early days of the development of knowledge regarding the mechanisms that regulate endocrine function. The understanding of the broad capability of interactions among endocrine glands was evolving. It was a field that Teitelbaum contributed to for several years, many of which were spent in collaboration with Horsley Gantt in his laboratory at Johns Hopkins. Although some of the experimental strategies and some of the wording of the report seem quaint today, the contribution of Teitelbaum’s research was solid and highly relevant to questions being asked at the time.     

An empirical couple typology based on differentiation

Both spouses of 100 married, heterosexual couples completed the Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire (PAFS-Q). A cluster analysis of the couples' scores on the four intimacy and fusion scales of the PAFS-Q produced four clusters that were meaningfully distinct in the patterns of differentiation of the wives and husbands. Couples comprising these clusters are described in terms of intergenerational theories of family interaction.This paper is based on the master's thesis of the first author submitted to the Graduate School of Texas Woman's University. A presentation based on this work was given at the 1988 annual convention of the Southwestern Psychological Association, Tulsa, Oklahoma. The authors thank Glenda Peters and Joe Natale for their contributions to the preparation of this paper. A more extensive report of the methodology and results of this study can be obtained from the second author.