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631.
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Guided by the theory of planned behavior, this 2-week longitudinal study examined health behaviors in a sample of 279 adolescents. Social norms and perceived behavioral control (PBC) were tested as predictors of self-reported intentions and behaviors in 2 domains, eating and physical activity. Differentiating, as opposed to aggregating, parent and peer norms provided unique information. For PBC, the authors distinguished global causality beliefs from self-related agency beliefs and intraself (effort, ability) from extraself (parents, teachers) means. Intraself agency beliefs strongly predicted healthy intentions, whereas intraself causality beliefs had a negative influence. Patterns differed somewhat across behaviors and gender. Results highlight theoretical issues and provide potential targets for research on health promotion programs for youth. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Mental chronometry has often been used to provide a temporal comparison between executed and imagined movements, with smaller discrepancies indicating more accurate image production and better imagery performance. In this study, we examined the importance of retinal and extra-retinal information in the performance of simple, sequential movements. After physical practice of four activities of daily living (Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure), nineteen participants imagined completing the same tasks with: 1) free eye-movements and visible objects, 2) free eye-movements and no visibility of the objects, and 3) constrained eye-movements and visible objects. Results suggested imagery performance was slower/less accurate compared to physical execution when the eyes were constrained. Conversely, chronometric imagery performance was unaffected with free eye movements, even when task-specific visual information was occluded. This study highlights the crucial role that eye-movements play in the regulation of the temporal aspects of imagery even when retinal information is absent, suggesting that temporal sequencing of imagined actions is largely dependent on extra-retinal information sources. 相似文献
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Two studies investigated the interactive effects of trainees’ dispositional implicit theory of ability (entity versus incremental) and the use of a promotion versus prevention orientation during the cognitive modeling component of training in the use of a problem‐solving technique. The dependent variables were trainees’ self‐reported behavioral intentions (Study 1) and performance (Study 2), which was assessed by two independent judges following the training program and in a 1‐month follow‐up in the use of the problem‐solving technique. As predicted, entity theorists were more responsive to the social cues contained in the promotion and prevention orientations during the cognitive modeling of the problem‐solving technique. As a result, a promotion orientation produced stronger behavioral intentions (Study 1) and performance (Study 2) than a prevention orientation for entity theorists but not for incremental theorists. The results point to the need to understand the implicit theories of trainees, particularly those who have an entity theory of ability, and for trainers to adopt a strong promotion orientation in their presentation of materials. Trainers who stress the avoidance of errors and overemphasise the importance of performance may unwittingly undermine the intentions and performance of those who have doubts about the efficacy of the training. Deux recherches ont porté sur l’interaction chez des sujets en formation des conséquences de la théorie implicite des capacités dont chacun dispose (stables ou amendables) et de l’orientation vers la prudence ou le progrès lors de la modélisation cognitive dans l’utilisation d’une technique de résolution de problèmes. Les variables dépendantes étaient les intentions comportementales rapportées par les stagiaires (Recherche n? 1) et la performance (Recherche n° 2) évaluée par deux juges indépendants à la fin du programme de formation et un mois plus tard. Comme prévu, les partisans des capacités stables étaient plus sensibles aux signes sociaux présents dans les orientations prudence ou progrès lors de l’élaboration cognitive de la technique de résolution de problèmes. Une orientation vers le progrès était à l’origine d’intentions comportementales plus affirmées (Recherche n? 1) et d’une meilleure performance (Recherche n? 2) pour les tenants de la stabilité des capacités, mais pas pour ceux qui pensaient que les capacités pouvaient être améliorées. Ces résultats montrent qu’il est indispensable de prendre en considération les théories implicites des stagiaires, et plus particulièrement de ceux qui pensent que les capacités sont figées. Quant aux formateurs, il leur faut adopter une orientation fortement axée sur le progrès dans leur présentation des contenus. Les formateurs qui insistent sur l’évitement des erreurs et exagèrent l’importance de la performance peuvent involontairement nuire aux intentions et aux résultats de ceux qui doutent de l’efficacité de la formation. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTThis study sought to develop knowledge about understandings of sexuality and appearance by using a story completion task combined with an innovative visual methodology. Fifty-four (mainly female) participants were randomly assigned to complete a story about a fictional bisexual, lesbian, or heterosexual character who is going on a date, and then asked to build a Bitstrips online avatar of their character. Our social constructionist thematic analysis identified that looking good was a common feature of the stories and that this was understood in largely heteronormative terms. This imperative was also clear in stories of the date, which relied on traditional notions of gender and heterosexuality. Finally, individuality and authenticity were rewarded in participants’ stories, yet this was simultaneously constrained by (dominant) heteronormative narratives. We conclude that combining story completion with visual methods enabled deeper insights into representations of appearance, dating, and relationships, than a textual method alone. 相似文献
638.
Janis M. Harmon Wanda B. Hedrick Karen D. Wood Michelle Gress 《Reading Psychology》2013,34(3):313-333
This study investigated students' decision-making as they self-selected important words from expository texts. Participants were 94 eighth graders and six adult readers. Data sources included students' written responses containing their word selections and reasons for selecting words from eight informational passages, student interviews, and word selections of adult readers. We examined the students' reasons for their word selections and compared their words with those selected by adult readers. Results indicated the following: 1) students of varying reading abilities can self-select important words in an expository passage; 2) students' reasons for selecting words differed from reasons found in related studies; and 3) variability exists across individual students and across adult readers in selecting important words in expository passages. 相似文献
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