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551.
What are the origins of object permanence? Despite widespread interest in this question, methodological barriers have prevented detailed analysis of how experience shapes the development of object permanence in newborn organisms. Here, we introduce an automated controlled‐rearing method for studying the emergence of object permanence in strictly controlled virtual environments. We used newborn chicks as an animal model and recorded their behavior continuously (24/7) from the onset of vision. Across four experiments, we found that object permanence can develop rapidly, within the first few days of life. This ability developed even when chicks were reared in impoverished visual environments containing no object occlusion events. Object permanence failed to develop, however, when chicks were reared in environments containing temporally non‐smooth objects (objects moving on discontinuous spatiotemporal paths). These results suggest that experience with temporally smooth objects facilitates the development of object permanence, confirming a key prediction of temporal learning models in computational neuroscience. 相似文献
552.
Norma L. Day‐Vines Susannah M. Wood Tim Grothaus Laurie Craigen Angela Holman Kylie Dotson‐Blake Marcy J. Douglass 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2007,85(4):401-409
The authors define broaching as the counselor's ability to consider how sociopolitical factors such as race influence the client's counseling concerns. The counselor must learn to recognize the cultural meaning clients attach to phenomena and to subsequently translate that cultural knowledge into meaningful practice that facilitates client empowerment, strengthens the therapeutic alliance, and enhances counseling outcomes. A continuum of broaching behavior is described, and parallels are drawn between the progression of broaching behavior and the counselor's level of racial identity functioning. 相似文献
553.
Moye J Wood E Edelstein B Wood S Bower EH Harrison JA Armesto JC 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2007,25(3):425-436
PURPOSE: This study investigates the impact of statutory reform in adult guardianship on court practice. METHODS: Case files for 298 cases of adult guardianship were reviewed in three states with varying degrees of statutory reform: MA (no reform), PA (major amendments in 1992), and CO (full re-enactment of statute per UGPPA in 2000). Five court practices associated with progressive statutory reform were studied: (1) diversion to less restrictive alternatives; (2) minimal and appropriate use of emergency procedures; (3) presence of the alleged incapacitated person at the hearing; (4) use of functional evaluation; (5) use of limited orders. RESULTS: CO more frequently utilized all five practices, whereas PA used diversion to less restrictive alternatives and less frequent emergency procedures, but not other practices. MA files rarely showed evidence for use of any of these reforms. IMPLICATIONS: Statutory reform may improve court practice. More study of the effects of reform on court practices, and the vulnerable adults served by these courts, is needed. 相似文献
554.
Jennifer L. Wood James M. Schmidtke Diane L. Decker 《Journal of business and psychology》2007,22(1):1-9
This research examined three factors related to misrepresentations on job applications: the job relevance of the information,
the effects of overt misrepresentation compared to omission, and the impact of human resource (HR) management experience.
Dependent measures included the extent to which misrepresentations were perceived as lies and influenced hiring intentions.
In general, higher job relevance and overt misrepresentations increased the perception of misrepresentations as lies and decreased
the hiring intentions. Further, persons with HR management experience were less likely to see misrepresentations as lies and
more likely to hire applicants. Implications for future research and managerial practice are discussed.
相似文献
James M. SchmidtkeEmail: |
555.
Despite frequent discussions of what it means to be normal in clinical, social, and personality psychology theory, the characteristics of individuals who call themselves normal are little understood. In 5 studies, the authors investigated various hypotheses concerning the nature of normality evaluations. The authors add to recent evidence that normality evaluations represent a distinct dimension of evaluative judgments, showing self-judgments of being normal (versus strange) to be relatively independent from self-judgments of being average (versus unique). Normality evaluations showed positive relations with communal traits such as agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability, and were negatively related to openness to experience. Supporting a broader hypothesis that normality evaluations may be involved in directing or motivating personality development processes, normality evaluations were positively associated with well-being and a sense of fitting in with one's peers, and individuals who felt abnormal felt a heightened sense that they needed to improve their personality. Finally, the personality correlates of normality evaluations were found to change over the lifespan, largely in parallel with the actual mean-level development of personality traits with age. 相似文献
556.
The authors draw on sociometer theory to propose that self-esteem is attuned to traits that garner others' acceptance, and the traits that garner acceptance depend on one's social role. Attunement of self-esteem refers to the linkage, or connection, between self-esteem and specific traits, which may be observed most clearly in the association between self-esteem and specific self-evaluations. In most roles, appearance and popularity determine acceptance, so self-esteem is most attuned to those traits. At the same time, interdependent social roles emphasize the value of communal qualities, so occupants of those roles have self-esteem that is more attuned to communal qualities than is the general norm. To avoid the biases of people's personal theories, the authors assessed attunement of self-esteem to particular traits indirectly via the correlation between self-esteem and self-ratings, cognitive accessibility measures, and an experiment involving social decision making. As hypothesized, self-esteem was generally more attuned to appearances than to communal qualities, but interdependent social roles predicted heightened attunement of self-esteem to qualities like kindness and understanding. 相似文献
557.
Using the PRISM to compare the explanatory value of general and role-contextualized trait ratings 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wood D 《Journal of personality》2007,75(6):1103-1126
In an earlier work (Wood & Roberts, 2006), the Personality and Role Identity Structural Model (PRISM) was proposed as a model for organizing the relations between diverse self-perceptions, with a person's general identity ("how I am in general") organized above diverse role identities (e.g., "how I am as an employee"), which in turn is organized above role-specific behaviors and experiences (e.g., typical interactions with coworkers). In the present article, I argue that despite the fact that role trait measures are often much more related to role behaviors than general trait measures in cross-sectional analyses, general trait measures better capture the dispositional causes of a person's role behavior. In support of this, a brief study is presented illustrating how general traits may be better predictors than role-contextualized trait ratings of the evolution of an individual's experiences or behaviors within a given context. Finally, I contend that the basic framework of the PRISM, where a person's behaviors and identities within multiple contexts are assessed simultaneously and longitudinally alongside general personality ratings, is necessary to make strong statements concerning the nature of the relationships between personality traits and role experiences. 相似文献
558.
Purchase and consumption behaviors in daily life often are repetitive and performed in customary places, leading consumers to develop habits. When habits have formed, environmental cues can activate the practiced responses in the absence of conscious decision making. This research tested these ideas using a longitudinal design. We predicted that regardless of their explicit intentions, consumers would repeat habits to purchase fast food, watch TV news, and take the bus. The results yielded the anticipated pattern in which participants repeated habitual behaviors even if they reported intentions to do otherwise. Intentions only guided behavior in the absence of strong habits. This study ruled out a number of artifactual accounts for these findings including that they arise from the level of abstraction at which intentions are identified, the certainty with which participants held intentions, a restriction of range in the measures, and the strategy participants used to estimate frequency of past performance. 相似文献
559.
Individuals undergoing cancer genetic risk assessment have been found to have a poor understanding of the process, which may
affect how well they cope with learning their risk. This paper reports free-text data from questionnaires completed by women
undergoing a randomised controlled trial of a psychological intervention. Of the 268 women undergoing genetic assessment for
familial breast/ovarian cancer risk who were invited to take part in the trial, 157 women returned research questionnaires.
Of these, 97 women provided free-text comments upon referral to a cancer genetics clinic, 62 provided comments whilst waiting
for risk information (average, moderate or high), and 36 women provided comments following notification of risk. This paper
reports a thematic analysis of the free-text data. Themes reflected individuals’ poor knowledge and uncertainty about genetic
risk assessment. How well individuals responded to learning their risk depended upon whether expectations had been met. Regardless
of risk, individuals undergoing cancer genetic risk assessment are likely to benefit from increased information about its
process and timescales, and access to increased psychological support. Free-text comments can provide valuable data about
individuals’ expectations and knowledge of genetics services. 相似文献
560.
Dennis Patrick Wood Jennifer Murphy Kristy Center Robert McLay Dennis Reeves Jeff Pyne Russell Shilling Brenda K Wiederhold 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2007,10(2):309-315
The current report summarizes a case study from an Office of Naval Research (ONR) funded project to compare the effects of virtual reality graded exposure therapy (VRGET) with cognitive behavioral group therapy in active-duty corpsmen. Details of the collaborative program between the Virtual Reality Medical Center (VRMC) and Naval Medical Center San Diego (NMCSD) will be discussed. 相似文献