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131.
132.
Burk LR Park JH Armstrong JM Klein MH Goldsmith HH Zahn-Waxler C Essex MJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(4):513-526
This prospective investigation sought to discriminate children who were both aggressive towards and victimized by peers in
the first grade, from those who were only aggressive, only victimized, or neither (i.e., socially adjusted), using early child
and family risk factors. Two hundred thirty-eight children, their mothers, and teachers participated in a longitudinal study
since birth. All three aggressor/victim subgroups showed greater temperamental dysregulation than the socially adjusted children,
but only aggressive victims had significantly poorer social perception skills. Aggressive victims were distinguished from
aggressors by greater exposure to maternal depression and from victims by lower levels of early inhibition, but they shared
the experiences of negative family emotional expressiveness with aggressors and greater mother-child negativity with victims.
The identification of early risk factors is crucial to prevention and early intervention efforts that have the potential to
attenuate the long term emotional, social, and academic problems associated with aggressive victim status. 相似文献
133.
Kristie R. Dukewich Raymond M. Klein John Christie 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2008,15(6):1141-1147
In highly controlled cuing experiments, conspecific gaze direction has powerful effects on an observer’s attention. We explored the generality of this effect by using paintings in which the gaze direction of a key character had been carefully manipulated. Our observers looked at these paintings in one of three instructional states (neutral, social, or spatial) while we monitored their eye movements. Overt orienting was much less influenced by the critical gaze direction than what the cuing literature might suggest: An analysis of the direction of saccades following the first fixation of the critical gaze showed that observers were weakly biased to orient in the direction of the gaze. Over longer periods of viewing, however, this effect disappeared for all but the social condition. This restriction of gaze as an attentional cue to a social context is consistent with the idea that the evolution of gaze direction detection is rooted in social communication. The picture stimuli from this experiment can be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society’s Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data, www.psychonomic.org/archive. 相似文献
134.
135.
Klein A 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2008,11(2):464-479
This study seeks to determine how certain social situations cannot help but influence subjectivity and family ties. The Keynesian age encouraged and promoted a relatively stable socioeconomic matrix based on a probable future and achievable promise. The installation of a family model related to protective parents who were capable of caring for and protecting their children has been observed. Adolescent subjectivity is constructed based on parameters like generational confrontation and growth, and happiness before the possibility of exercising autonomy. On the other hand, neoliberalism produces a "retraction" of social spaces, dismisses the future, and feelings of instability and insecurity are prevalent, making the family model a "structure that overwhelms parents." Adolescent subjectivity seems incapable of executing generational confrontation, predominantly showing a desire to "protect" the family ("exacerbated messiah complex") by means of a fantasy that acts as a "threading scene" capable of annulling the search for autonomy and growth. 相似文献
136.
Offshore orientation in marine mammals is still a mystery. For visual orientation during night-time foraging and travelling
in the open seas, seals cannot rely on distant terrestrial landmarks, and thus might use celestial cues as repeatedly shown
for nocturnally migrating birds. Although seals detect enough stars to probably allow for astronavigation, it was unclear
whether they can orient by the night sky. The widely accepted cognitive mechanism for bird night-time orientation by celestial
cues is a time-independent star compass with learned geometrical star configurations used to pinpoint north as the rotational
centre of the starry sky while there is no conclusive evidence for a time-compensated star compass or true star navigation.
Here, we present results for two harbour seals orienting in a custom made swimming planetarium. Both seals learned to highly
accurately identify a lodestar out of a pseudo-randomly oriented, realistic projection of the northern hemisphere night sky.
Providing the first evidence for star orientation capability in a marine mammal, our seals’ outstanding directional precision
would allow them to steer by following lodestars of learned star courses, a celestial orientation mechanism that has been
known to be used by Polynesian navigators but has not been considered for animals yet. 相似文献
137.
This study focuses on the interplay between religiosity and drug use in a sample of 250 adult women from the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area who were interviewed between August 1997 and August 2000. The research addresses two principal questions: (1) Is there a relationship between the level of religiosity and the amount of illegal drug use reported? (2) If so, is this relationship maintained in multivariate analysis when the effects of other potentially relevant factors like demographic characteristics, childhood maltreatment experiences, psychosocial traits, and substance user-related measures are taken into account? We found that religiosity is related to the amount of drugs women used. Four variables were retained in the final multivariate drug use prediction model: religiosity, coping with everyday stresses, number of family members who are substance abusers, and amount of oral sex. Greater amounts of drugs were used by women who were less religious, less capable of coping with stress, had more drug-abusing family members, and reported having more oral sex. Together, these items explained nearly one-fifth of the variance in the dependent variable. The implications for substance abuse prevention and intervention efforts are discussed. 相似文献
138.
Klein RM 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2000,4(4):138-147
Immediately following an event at a peripheral location there is facilitation for the processing of other stimuli near that location. This is said to reflect a reflexive shift of attention towards the source of stimulation. After attention is removed from such a peripheral location, there is then delayed responding to stimuli subsequently displayed there. This inhibitory aftereffect, first described in 1984 and later labeled 'inhibition of return (IOR)', encourages orienting towards novel locations and hence might facilitate foraging and other search behaviors. Since its relatively recent discovery, IOR has been the subject of intensive investigation, from many angles and with a wide variety of approaches. After describing the seminal contribution of Posner and Cohen ('Who'), this review will discuss what causes IOR and, once initiated, what effects IOR has on subsequent processing ('What'). The time course ('When') and spatial distribution ('Where') of IOR, and what is known about IOR's neural implementation ('How') and functional significance ('Why') are also discussed. 相似文献
139.
Sub-Saharan Africans living in Belgium (N = 69) completed a culture-free intelligence test in a simulated job selection environment. Prior to testing, the authors instructed participants that Africans' average performance on this test was generally better (positive comparison), worse (negative comparison), or equal to Belgians' performance. In a control condition, no such information was given. Results indicated that, compared with the equal and control conditions, performance was lower when intergroup comparisons were negative. In the former condition, participants were also more likely to endorse external factors that may account for lower performance. The authors interpreted the findings in line with stereotype threat theory (C. M. Steele & J. Aronson, 1995). In the context of job selection, the validity of intelligence tests conducted with members of stigmatized groups may be affected by the salience of social stereotypes and intergroup social comparisons. 相似文献
140.
Sarah J. Schmiege Angela Bryan William M. P. Klein 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(1):95-119
Worry and risk perception were integrated into the theory of planned behavior (TPB) within health and non-health domains (flossing and academic coursework, respectively). Models were estimated and replicated in 2 undergraduate samples ( n s = 191 and 309), with effects of worry and risk on intentions expected to occur primarily through attitudes. Past behavior was modeled through effects on all TPB constructs and through interactions with worry and risk. Worry positively predicted intentions and attitudes (and norms in the non-health domain) for those at the lowest levels of prior behavior. Risk perceptions negatively predicted intentions and self-efficacy (and attitudes in the health context) also for those at low levels of prior behavior. Implications for further theory development are discussed. 相似文献