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141.
Tanja Legenbauer Silja Vocks Corinna Schfer Sabine Schütt-Strmel Wolfgang Hiller Christof Wagner Claus Vgele 《Body image》2009,6(3):228-234
This study assesses whether characteristics of one's own body image influences preferences of attractiveness in a partner. The role of gender and sexual orientation is also considered. Heterosexual women (n = 67), lesbian women (n = 73), heterosexual men (n = 61) and gay men (n = 82) participated in an internet survey assessing attitudes towards the body and preferences of attractiveness in a partner. Men in particular were found to prefer attractive partners, regardless of sexual orientation. Weight/shape dissatisfaction was found to be a negative predictor for heterosexual men and women. For gay men, preferences were better explained by internalization and weight/shape dissatisfaction. No such associations were found in the lesbian group. Levels of weight/shape dissatisfaction and internalization of socio-cultural slenderness ideals influence expectations of thinness and attractiveness in a partner with this effect being modified by gender and sexual orientation. 相似文献
142.
The partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 was witness to Hindu Muslim conflict at its peak. In the 1990s, ethnic conflict
was used by right wing ideologues to change the fabric of secular India. Using interview data and within a social representational
framework the study demonstrates the processes whereby out-groups/in-groups are formed. Further, it is argued that religious
tolerance as envisaged in Gandhian philosophy, needs to be an integral part of the debate on role of religion in the public
sphere. 相似文献
143.
Moritz M. Daum Maria T. Vuori Wolfgang Prinz Gisa Aschersleben 《Developmental science》2009,12(6):854-862
The present study applied a preferential looking paradigm to test whether 6‐ and 9‐month old infants are able to infer the size of a goal object from an actor's grasping movement. The target object was a cup with the handle rotated either towards or away from the actor. In two experiments, infants saw the video of an actor's grasping movement towards an occluded target object. The aperture size of the actor's hand was varied as between‐subjects factor. Subsequently, two final states of the grasping movement were presented simultaneously with the occluder being removed. In Experiment 1, the expected final state showed the actor's hand holding a cup in a way that would be expected after the performed grasping movement. In the unexpected final state, the actor's hand held the cup at the side which would be unexpected after the performed grasping movement. Results show that 6‐ as well as 9‐month‐olds looked longer at the unexpected than at the expected final state. Experiment 2 excluded an alternative explanation of these findings, namely that the discrimination of the final states was due to geometrical familiarity or novelty of the final states. These findings provide evidence that infants are able to infer the size of a goal object from the aperture size of the actor's hand during the grasp. 相似文献
144.
A perceived event such as a visual stimulus in the external world and a to-be-produced event such as an intentional action
are subserved by event representations. Event representations do not only contain information about present states but also
about past and future states. Here we focus on the role of representing future states in event perception and generation (i.e.,
prospective coding). Relevant theoretical issues and paradigms are discussed. We suggest that the predictive power of the
motor system may be exploited for prospective coding not only in producing but also in perceiving events. Predicting is more
advantageous than simply reacting. Perceptual prediction allows us to select appropriate responses ahead of the realization
of an (anticipated) event and therefore, it is indispensable to flexibly and timely adapt to new situations and thus, successfully
interact with our physical and social environment. 相似文献
145.
We investigated processing of metaphoric sentences using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Seventeen healthy subjects (6 female, 11 male) read 60 novel short German sentence pairs with either metaphoric or literal meaning and performed two different tasks: judging the metaphoric content and judging whether the sentence has a positive or negative connotation. Laterality indices for 8 regions of interest were calculated: Inferior frontal gyrus (opercular part and triangular part), superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyrus, precuneus, temporal pole, and hippocampus. A left lateralised network was activated with no significant differences in laterality between the two tasks. The lowest degree of laterality was found in the temporal pole. Other factors than metaphoricity per se might trigger right hemisphere recruitment. Results are discussed in the context of lesion and hemifield studies. 相似文献
146.
Programming tool-use actions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Massen C Prinz W 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(3):692-704
When humans plan to execute a tool-use action, they can only specify the bodily movement parameters by taking into account the external target or goal of the tool-use action and the target-movement mapping implemented by the tool. In this study, the authors used the movement precuing method to investigate how people prepare for actions made with tools. More specifically, they asked whether people would be able to specify the spatial target and the target-movement mapping of the tool-use action independently of each other, and to what degree they would be able to prepare these components in advance. In 3 experiments, they precued either the target or the target-movement mapping of tool-use actions involving either a compatible or an incompatible target-movement mapping. Results indicate that participants benefit from partial advance information about the target-movement mapping, whereas no significant effects were found for precuing the spatial target of the action. These results occurred regardless of whether the target-movement mapping was compatible or incompatible and provide evidence for the notion that the target-movement mapping of a tool-use action is part of its cognitive representation. 相似文献
147.
Wijngaards-de Meij L Stroebe M Schut H Stroebe W van den Bout J van der Heijden PG Dijkstra I 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2007,33(4):537-548
The impact of adult attachment on psychological adjustment among bereaved parents and the mediating effect of relationship satisfaction were examined among a sample of 219 couples of parents. Data collection took place 6, 13, and 20 months after loss. Use of the actor partner interdependence model in multilevel regression analysis enabled exploration of both individual as well as partner attachment as predictors of grief and depression. Results indicated that the more insecurely attached parents were (on both avoidance and anxiety attachment), the higher the symptoms of grief and depression. Neither the attachment pattern of the partner nor similarity of attachment within the couple had any influence on psychological adjustment of the parent. Marital satisfaction partially mediated the association of anxious attachment with symptomatology. Contrary to previous research findings, avoidant attachment was associated with high grief intensity. These findings challenge the notion that the avoidantly attached are resilient. 相似文献
148.
Wolfgang Becker 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1989,20(2):230-248
According to Frege the notion of judgement cannot be defined, but must be explicated by referring to natural language. Frege uses a subjective and an objective notion of judgement: on the one hand a judgement is an inner mental process, on the other hand judging is explained as advancing from the thought to the truth-value. The subjective notion of judgement logically depends on the objective conception of a judgement, but nevertheless remains indispensable. To clarify the objective notion of judgement, the relation of thought and truth must be explicated by using Frege's theory of sense and reference. Only an intersubjective and action-guiding knowledge of the way in which the truth-value of a sentence is determined can make it possible to advance from the thought and the understanding of a sentence to the acknowledgement of its truth. Since by this advance a sentence receives a cognitive value, Frege's theory of sense and reference makes a contribution not only to semantics but also to epistemology. 相似文献
149.
In a test of predictions derived from an identity-analytic model of self-presentational behavior, individuals who privately
endorsed positive or negative attitudes about sexual behavior were asked to deliver a prosexuality speech while alone, while
watched by observers, or while being watched by observers who questioned the morality of the subject’s actions. Subsequent
attitude measures indicated that the subjects who initially adopted negative attitudes justified their behavior by expressing
more favorable attitudes about sexuality, but only when no audience witnessed their speech. When an audience was present,
these individuals emphasized their lack of choice. In contrast, subjects who privately endorsed positive attitudes publicly
expressed less favorable attitudes when their morality was challenged by the observers. These findings suggest that attitude
change following counterattitudinal behavior (a) stems from private image-maintenance needs as well as public self-presentational
concerns, and (b) is sometimes designed to secure an image of morality as well as an image of consistency. 相似文献
150.
The “Model for Reaching Ethical Judgments in the context of Modern Technologies — the Case of Genetic Technology”, which is presented here, has arisen from the project “Ethical Criteria bearing upon Decisions taken in the field of Biotechnology”. This project has been pursued since 1991 in the Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Technikforschung (ZIT) of the Technical University of Darmstadt, with the purpose of examining decision-making in selected activities involving the production of transgenic plants that have a useful application. The model is the basis of an outline for interviews to investigate how far decisions concerning the development of such plants with genetic techniques take ethical criteria into account. It was necessary to design this new model because other models for reaching judgments of this kind were not conceptually suited for concrete application. This model represents a problem related approach and combines methodological with substantive typology. In this it differs from comparable models for reaching ethical judgments. 相似文献