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821.
Wolfgang Fach 《Axiomathes》2011,21(2):233-247
The mental system of an individual usually generates a reality-model that includes a self-model and a world-model as fundamental
components. Exceptional experiences (ExE) can be classified as subjectively experienced anomalies in the self-model or the
world-model or in the relation of both. Empirical studies show significant correlations between specific patterns of ExE and
socially and clinically relevant variables. In order to examine the ontological status of anomalous phenomena a psychophysical
approach is presented in which the principle of complementarity is of fundamental importance. Applying a generalized quantum
theory to psychosocial and psychophysical systems, complementary aspects such as autonomy versus reliability or novelty versus
confirmation are identified as possible local and global variables. The findings indicate that entanglement correlations could
play a role in the occurrence of ExE and that specific psychological interventions can dissolve them. 相似文献
822.
Keas, a species of parrots from New Zealand, are an interesting species for comparative studies of problem solving and cognition because they are known not only for efficient capacities for object manipulation but also for explorative and playful behaviors. To what extent are they efficient or explorative, and what cognitive abilities do they use? We examined how keas would solve several versions of artificial-fruit box problems having multiple locks. After training keas to remove a metal rod from over a Plexiglas lid that had to be opened, we exposed the birds to a variety of tasks having two or more locks. We also introduced a preview phase during which the keas had extended opportunity to look at the tasks before the experimenter allowed the birds to solve them, to examine whether the preview phase would facilitate the birds’ performance on the tasks. In a large number of tests, the keas showed a strong trend to solve the tasks with no positive effect of previewing the tasks. When the tasks became complex, however, the keas corrected inappropriate responses more quickly when they had had chance to preview the problems than when they had not. The results suggest that the keas primarily used explorative strategies in solving the lock problems but might have obtained some information about the tasks before starting to solve them. This may reflect a good compromise of keas’ trial-and-error tendency and their good cognitive ability that result from a selection pressure they have faced in their natural habitat. 相似文献
823.
Davelaar EJ Tian X Weidemann CT Huber DE 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(4):608-626
We investigated the basis of change detection in a short-term priming task. In two experiments, participants were asked to
indicate whether or not a target word was the same as a previously presented cue. Data from an experiment measuring magnetoencephalography
failed to find different patterns for “same” and “different” responses, consistent with the claim that both arise from a common
neural source, with response magnitude defining the difference between immediate novelty versus familiarity. In a behavioral
experiment, we tested and confirmed the predictions of a habituation account of these judgments by comparing conditions in
which the target, the cue, or neither was primed by its presentation in the previous trial. As predicted, cue-primed trials
had faster response times, and target-primed trials had slower response times relative to the neither-primed baseline. These
results were obtained irrespective of response repetition and stimulus–response contingencies. The behavioral and brain activity
data support the view that detection of change drives performance in these tasks and that the underlying mechanism is neuronal
habituation. 相似文献
824.
825.
Previous research on sensorimotor synchronization has manipulated the somatosensory information received from the tapping
finger to investigate how feedback from an active effector affects temporal coordination. The current study explored the role
of feedback from passive body parts in the regulation of spatiotemporal motor control parameters by employing a task that
required finger tapping on one’s own skin at anatomical locations of varying tactile sensitivity. A motion capture system
recorded participants’ movements as they synchronized with an auditory pacing signal by tapping with the right index finger
on either their left index fingertip (Finger/Finger) or forearm (Finger/Forearm). Results indicated that tap timing was more
variable, and movement amplitude was larger and more variable, when tapping on the finger than when tapping on the less sensitive
forearm. Finger/Finger tapping may be impaired relative to Finger/Forearm tapping due to ambiguity arising through overlap
in neural activity associated with tactile feedback from the active and the passive limb in the former. To compensate, the
control system may strengthen the assignment of tap-related feedback to the active finger by generating correlated noise in
movement kinematics and tap dynamics. 相似文献
826.
Gross S Semmer NK Meier LL Kälin W Jacobshagen N Tschan F 《The Journal of applied psychology》2011,96(3):654-664
There is evidence that daily negative events at work enhance fatigue. In contrast, positive events may trigger processes that increase, but also processes that decrease, energetic resources. Accordingly, results regarding a main effect of positive events on fatigue have been mixed. However, a clearer pattern between positive events and fatigue can be expected under adverse circumstances (i.e., accumulation of negative events, high chronic stressors). Positive events may facilitate coping and accelerate recovery processes and, thus, reduce resource drain due to daily negative events and chronic stressors. Predicting fatigue in a diary study with 76 employees, we investigated interactions between daily positive events and (a) daily negative events and (b) chronic social stressors. Multilevel modeling revealed that negative but not positive events were associated with increased end-of-work fatigue. However, positive events interacted with negative events and with chronic social stressors. As expected, positive events were negatively associated with fatigue only on days with many negative events, but not so on days with few negative events. Analogously, positive events were negatively associated with fatigue only among employees with high, compared with low, chronic social stressors. We conclude that the beneficial short-term effects of positive events on energetic resources are largely confined to adverse circumstances. 相似文献
827.
Ernst Wolfgang Orth 《Synthese》2011,179(1):115-134
The article investigates Cassirer’s developing interest in the cultural sciences to display how his Philosophy of Symbolic Forms constitutes a philosophy of culture. The core concept in such a philosophy of culture is the symbolic formation that both
possesses a structured-structuring dimension and appears as an historical process in which culture shows itself as a temporal
creation. The philosophy of culture displays ‘life in meaning’, that is reality as it exhibits human reality manifested in
and through the medium of linguistic, artistic, religious, scientific “and so on” action and behaviour. This reality, therefore,
is mediation between culture and nature through human spirit. Cassirer’s philosophy of culture connects back to Kant’s transcendental
idealism by emphasizing that any concept of reality establishes itself through a modalization of reality, e.g. that reality
constitutes itself in the mode of interpretation. This makes the basis for Cassirer’s characteristic understanding of hermeneutics
where cultural development is regarded as drama. 相似文献
828.
Guido M. van Koningsbruggen Wolfgang Stroebe Esther K. Papies Henk Aarts 《European journal of social psychology》2011,41(5):551-557
People often forget their long‐term strivings because their environment confronts them with attractive temptations. Previous research suggests that self‐control failures can be prevented by reminding people of their higher‐order goal. Therefore, we hypothesized that using implementation intentions as a tool to directly re‐activate people's higher‐order goal in tempting situations would effectively enhance self‐control. We tested this in the domain of dieting behavior. Results demonstrated that this specific planning strategy activated the dieting goal for unsuccessful dieters when exposed to tempting food cues (Study 1) and reduced their consumption of calorically dense food across 2 weeks (Study 2) compared to those in control conditions. This suggests that preparing people to think of their higher‐order goal when tempted can be used to protect ongoing goal striving. Appealing to higher‐order goals potentially makes implementation intentions flexible instruments of self‐regulation as this should trigger motivated behavior to reach goals and initiate various goal‐instrumental actions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
829.
In this study, 6-month-olds’ perception of an object-related human grasping action was compared with their level of grasping performance using a within-participants design. In the action perception task, infants were presented with the video of an actor’s grasping movement toward an occluded target object. Subsequently, an expected and an unexpected final state of this grasping movement were presented simultaneously, and infants’ looking times were measured. In the action production task, infants were presented with three graspable objects. Infants’ grasping behavior was coded to be either palmar or thumb-opposite grasping. Results indicate that infants who were already able to perform a thumb-opposite grasp differentiated between the two final states in the action perception task by looking longer toward the unexpected final state. In contrast, infants who showed only palmar grasps looked equally long toward both final states. This finding supports the assumption that action perception and action control are already closely related in infants as young as 6 months. 相似文献
830.