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51.
Observers tend to remember seeing a greater expanse of a scene than was shown (boundary extension [BE]). Is undivided visual attention necessary for BE? In Experiment 1, 108 observers viewed photographs with superimposed numerals (2s and 5s). Each appeared for 750 msec, followed by a masked interval and a test picture (same, closer up, or wider angled). Test pictures were rated as the same, closer, or wider angled on a 5-point scale. Visual attention was manipulated with a search task: The observers reported the number of 5s (zero, one, or two). The observers performed search only, picture rating only, or both (giving search priority). Search accuracy was unaffected by condition. BE occurred in both conditions but was greater with divided attention. The results were replicated using incidental BE tests (Experiments 2 and 3). We propose that anticipatory representation of layout occurs automatically during scene perception, with focal attention serving to constrain the boundary error. 相似文献
52.
Stephen G. Weinrach Albert Ellis Raymond DiGiuseppe Michael E. Bernard Windy Dryden Howard Kassinove G. Barry Morris Ann Vernon Janet Wolfe 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2006,24(4):199-215
The 9 members of the Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy’s International Training Standards and Review Committee (of which
Albert Ellis is currently one) predict the status of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) after the death of Albert Ellis,
its progenitor. Most respondents addressed whether REBT will exist in its own right or be subsumed under the broad umbrella
of Cognitive Behavior Therapy.
Reprinted from Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 17, 413–427, 1995. AMHCA. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction authorized without written permission from the
American Mental Health Counselors Association.
Stephen G. Weinrach was a professor of counseling and human relations at Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania. He
died in 2004.
The authors expressed their appreciation to Martin Gerstein and Allen Ivey for their generous contributions to a draft version
of this article. Colleen Deeter provided valuable editorial assistance in the preparation and coordination of this project. 相似文献
53.
Jeremy M. Wolfe 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2001,63(3):381-389
In visual search tasks, observers look for a target stimulus among distractor stimuli. A visual search asymmetry is said to occur when a search for stimulus A among stimulus B produces different results from a search for B among A. Anne Treisman made search asymmetries into an important tool in the study of visual attention. She argued that it was easier to find a target that was defined by the presence of a preattentive basic feature than to find a target defined by the absence of that feature. Four of the eight papers in this symposium inPerception & Psychophysics deal with the use of search asymmetries to identify stimulus attributes that behave as basic features in this context. Another two papers deal with the long-standing question of whether a novelty can be considered to be a basic feature. Asymmetries can also arise when one type of stimulus is easier to identify or classify than another. Levin and Angelone’s paper on visual search for faces of different races is an examination of an asymmetry of this variety. Finally, Previc and Naegele investigate an asymmetry based on the spatial location of the target. Taken as a whole, these papers illustrate the continuing value of the search asymmetry paradigm. 相似文献
54.
The role of categorization in visual search for orientation. 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
J M Wolfe S R Friedman-Hill M I Stewart K M O'Connell 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1992,18(1):34-49
Visual search for 1 target orientation is fast and virtually independent of set size if all of the distractors are of a single, different orientation. However, in the presence of distractors of several orientations, search can become inefficient and strongly dependent on set size (Exp. 1). Search can be inefficient even if only 2 distractor orientations are used and even if those orientations are quite remote from the target orientation (e.g. 20 degrees or even 40 degrees away, Exp. 2). Search for 1 orientation among heterogeneous distractor orientations becomes more efficient if the target orientation is the only item possessing a categorical attribute such as steep, shallow (Exp. 3), tilted left or tilted right (Exp. 4), or simply tilted (Exps. 5 and 6). Orientation categories appear to be 1 of several strategies used in visual search for orientation. These serve as a compromise between the limits on parallel visual processing and the demands of a complex visual world. 相似文献
55.
In visual search tasks, subjects look for a target among a variable number of distractor items. If the target is defined by a conjunction of two different features (e.g., color × orientation), efficient search is possible when parallel processing of information about color and about orientation is used to “guid” the deployment of attention to the target. Another type of conjunction search has targets defined by two instances of one type of feature (e.g., a conjunction of two colors). In this case, search is inefficient when the target is an item defined by parts of two different colors but much more efficient if the target can be described as a whole item of one color with a part of another color (Wolfe, Friedman-Hill, & Bilsky, 1994). In this paper, we show that the same distinction holds for size. “Part— whole” size × size conjunction searches are efficient; “part-part” searches are not (Experiments 1–3). In contrast, all orientation × orientation searches are inefficient (Experiments 4–6). This difference between preattentive processing of color and size, on the one hand, and orientation, on the other, may reflect structural relationships between features in real-world objects. 相似文献
56.
Janet L. Wolfe Penelope Russianoff 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》1997,15(1):81-92
The significant overrepresentation of women in depression and a seeming addiction to self-downing are viewed as heavily influenced by internalized gender role messages and further compounded by societal discrimination. The healthy self is defined, and ways of helping women in therapy move toward greater self-acceptance are described, with an emphasis on REBT women's groups. A case study illustrates the process. 相似文献
57.
Florence L. Geis Virginia Brown Carolyn Wolfe 《Journal of applied social psychology》1990,20(12):943-970
Subjects viewed a videotaped group discussion by a leader and four other group members and evaluated each of them for leadership competence. The leader, either a man or a woman, was either personally endorsed ("legitimized") or unendorsed by either a male or a female authority figure. Legitimation raised both leaders' performance evaluations. Legitimation by the female authority affected the leaders' evaluations, overall, as much as legitimation by a male authority. For the male leader, legitimation by the male and female authority figures produced equal impact. However, legitimation by the female authority figure produced significantly greater impact on evaluations of the female leader's performance than the same legitimation by a male authority figure. The data suggest that female authority figures can be effective legitimizers of both sexes, but male authority's endorsements of a female subordinate may be viewed as suspect. 相似文献
58.
J M Wolfe K P Yu M I Stewart A D Shorter S R Friedman-Hill K R Cave 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1990,16(4):879-892
In visual search for a conjunction it is much more difficult to search for the conjunction of 2 colors or 2 orientations than for Color x Orientation or Color x Shape conjunctions. The result is not limited to particular colors or shapes. Two colors cannot occupy the same spatial location in Color x Color searches. However, Experiments 6 and 7 show that Color x Shape searches remain efficient even if the color and shape are spatially separated. Our guided search model suggests that in searches for Color x Shape, a parallel color module can guide attention toward the correct color, whereas the shape module guides attention toward the correct shape. Together these 2 sources of guidance lead attention to the target. However, if a target is red and green among red-blue and green-blue distractors, it is not possible to guide search independently toward red items and green items or away from all blue items. 相似文献
59.
Differences in abstraction ability with age 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Three tests of abstraction were administered to 89 optimally healthy subjects aged 30-79. Performance on all 3 tasks showed significant differences with age. This was primarily, although not entirely, the result of deficits in performance by the 70-year-old subjects. These results do not appear to be related to changes in memory ability or to a differential increase in a particular type of abstraction error. 相似文献
60.
The results of the present study confirmed earlier findings that the elimination of the usual face-to-face confrontation between interviewer and interviewee enhances disclosure time in relation to intimate questions. By unconfounding speaking time and pausing time, the present research demonstrated that the facilitating effect of an interviewer's absence is not simply an artifact of increased latencies and silent pauses within responses. The earlier findings were extended by manipulating the intimacy level of questions asked of subjects in the context of a gender-balanced design. 相似文献