FORBIDDEN OR FORGIVEN?

This article describes a conceptual framework with which to study rape cross-societally. The model considers the powerful effects of social norms in condoning certain types of rape. It also distinguishes clearly between rape and sex by making the absence of female choice the fundamental factor in defining rape. Using this conceptual model as a guide, rape is examined in a random sample of 35 world societies. Rape is not a forbidden behavior; this research demonstrates the masking effects of social norms that tend to institutionalize rape within various social customs or rituals. The concept of a rape-free culture was not supported; rape was found in all the sample societies once the definition of rape was broadened to include socially condoned rapes. The presence of both normative (condoned) and nonnormative (uncondoned) rapes in a majority of the societies studied illustrates that rape is regulated rather than prohibited. Implications for defining and studying rape in the United States are discussed.     

Thunderstorm phobias

This study, consists of a retrospective analysis made from the case notes of 10 thunderstorm phobics who were treated between 1963 and 1977.A wide range of data was abstracted from the histories in order to formulate some generalizations concerning the aetiology of this type of phobia. All the patients studied were female, generally they had experienced the problem in childhood usually in a severe form and its further exacerbation was often attributed to aversive life events. While many reported related sensitivities such as overreaction to sudden and loud noises, other psychiatric problems were rarely presented for treatment.     

Education for Critical Community and the Pedagogy of Asylum: Two Responses to the Crisis Of University Education

Studies in Philosophy and Education - The current heated debate on the deteriorating status of the university raises a range of pertinent questions, including: What role can the humanities play in...