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61.
The Probability of Guilt in Criminal Cases: Are People Aware of Being ‘Beyond Reasonable Doubt’? 下载免费PDF全文
Svein Magnussen Dag Erik Eilertsen Karl Halvor Teigen Ellen Wessel 《Applied cognitive psychology》2014,28(2):196-203
Data from a series of studies presenting video recorded witness statements to laypersons and legal professionals were examined to trace the relationship between judged probability of guilt and the willingness to vote guilty or not guilty in hypothetical trials, in the absence of specific jury instructions. The results show that a majority of jury‐eligible young and elderly participants, and police officers, were willing to convict a defendant when the judged probability of guilt exceeded .6. This is considerably below the legally accepted standard of ‘beyond reasonable doubt’, which usually is equated with a very high, around .9 perceived certainty. When jury deliberations were allowed, the threshold for conviction rose, approaching the standard evinced by trial judges under the same conditions. The results suggest that people prefer to vote for guilt according to a balance of probabilities principle, considering only the individual case, and disregarding the implied frequencies of false convictions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
62.
Willa S. Bass Karl M. Oswald 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2014,10(2):49-58
Proactive interferencebuilds up with exposure to multiple lists of similar items
with a resulting reduction in recall. This study examined the effectiveness of
using a proactive strategy of the method of loci to reduce proactive
interference in a list recall paradigm of categorically similar words. While all
participants reported using some form of strategy to recall list words, this
study demonstrated that young adults were able to proactively use the method of
loci after 25 min of instruction to reduce proactive interference as compared
with other personal spontaneous strategies. The implications of this study are
that top-down proactive strategies such as the method of loci can significantly
reduce proactive interference, and that the use of image and sequence or
location are especially useful in this regard. 相似文献
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Karl Kuhnert 《Journal of Adult Development》2018,25(3):160-167
This study investigates the predictive ability of Leadership Developmental Levels (Constructive/Developmental Theory) in a model of leader performance. Using 67 executive leaders from a Leadership Development Consulting firm, Leadership Developmental Level was found to predict leader performance for males, but not for females. This study investigates potential sources of this discrepancy, including rater bias, Performance Differences, Developmental Differences, Interpersonal Connection Style, and Gender Moderation. It is found that the source of the gender distinction is in Interpersonal Connection Style. 相似文献
65.
The study aimed to assess the prevalence of cannabis and amphetamine use and socio-ecological proximal and distal factors among adolescents in six Pacific Island countries. We analyzed cross-sectional survey data from 9,849 adolescents (mean age 14.2 years, SD?=?1.2) from Cook Islands, Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Tuvalu that participated in the “Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS)” in 2011–2013. The prevalence of past-month cannabis use was 15.5%, and lifetime amphetamine use was 14.5%, with the highest prevalence in Samoa, 37.1% and 34.6%, respectively. In adjusted mixed-effects logistic regression analysis male gender, personal attributes (anxiety, loneliness, current tobacco use, current alcohol use and school truancy) and environmental stressors (having been in a physical fight, been physically attacked, sustained an injury, hunger and being bullied) were associated with past-month cannabis and/or lifetime amphetamine use. Parental substance use was positively and parental involvement negatively associated with past-month cannabis and/or lifetime amphetamine use. Measures to prevent and control cannabis and amphetamine use in this adolescent population should include personal attributes, environmental stressors and parental support. 相似文献
66.
The emotional victim effect (EVE, i.e., that the emotionality of a victim's demeanor affects perceived credibility) is a robust research finding for female victims of rape but much less explored for other types of victims and crimes. In this article, we investigate the EVE with a male assault complainant. In addition, we vary the presentation mode via which the complainant is shown to the assessors. A sample of law students (N = 81) participated in an experiment where they viewed and assessed credibility of a male complainant who appeared either live or on video. The complainant behaved either in an emotional or a neutral manner. Result showed that the presentation mode but not the EVE affected the assessors' credibility assessments: The complainant was perceived as more truthful when communicating live, as opposed to via video. Practical implications, as well as the generality of the EVE, are discussed. 相似文献
67.
This study compared the disfluencies of German-speaking preschool children who stutter (CWS, N = 24) with those produced by age- and sex-matched comparison children who do not stutter (CWNS, N = 24). In accordance with Yairi and Ambrose's [Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (1992). A longitudinal study of stuttering in children: A preliminary report. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 755-760] guidelines the CWS group had a narrow age range (2-5 years) and were seen close to the reported time of their stuttering onset (average of 8 months). Furthermore, over 95% of the CWS group had not received any type of speech therapy intervention. Consistent with previous findings for English-speaking preschool children, 'stuttering-like' disfluencies (prolongations, blocks, part- and one-syllable word repetitions) were significantly more frequent in CWS (mean = 9.2%) than in CWNS (mean = 1.2%), whereas no significant group differences occurred with respect to 'normal' disfluencies. The number of iterations in stuttering-like disfluencies was also significantly higher in CWS (mean = 1.28 iterations) than in CWNS (mean = 1.09 iterations). In contrast to previous findings, a sub-group of children who have been stuttering for a shorter time (1-5 months) did not differ from a sub-group who had stuttered for a longer period (8-22 months). EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: The reader will be able to: (1) describe how German-speaking preschool children who stutter and who do not stutter display stuttering-like and normal disfluencies including number of iterations; (2) explain how powerful classification measures for the diagnosis of stuttering are for German-speaking preschool children; (3) discuss how disfluency patterns of native English- and German-speaking children close to onset of stuttering differ. 相似文献
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70.
Karl K. Szpunar 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(5):531-540
The capacity to think about specific events that one might encounter in the future—episodic future thought— involves the flexible
(re)organization of memory. The present study demonstrates that implicit processes play an important role here. In two experiments
(N = 180), participants were asked to generate a personal event that they expected to plausibly occur in the following week.
The content of the participants’ responses was biased (i.e., primed) by recent thoughts about a specific category of experiences.
For instance, participants who had recently been induced to think about social experiences, in the context of an ostensibly
unrelated task, were more likely than nonprimed participants to generate similar events occurring in their immediate future.
Importantly, the participants were unaware of this unintentional influence of memory. The theoretical and practical implications
of these findings for understanding episodic future thought and its relation to memory are discussed. 相似文献