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921.
Yukari Takarae Linda Schmidt Flora Tassone Tony J. Simon 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2009,9(1):83-90
Dopamine plays a critical role in regulating neural activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and modulates cognition via a hypothesized
inverse U function. We investigated PFC function in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) in which
one copy of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is deleted, thereby shifting them toward the lower end of dopamine turnover
on the nonlinear function. A common polymorphism with valine to methionine substitution alters COMT activity that results
in higher enzyme activity in the valine variant. Twenty-seven children with 22q11.2DS between 7 and 14 years old, and 21 age-matched
typically developing children, performed a modified version of the Attention Network Test. Children with a single valine allele
showed a reduction in response times when trials with incongruent flankers were repeated, whereas those who were hemizygous
for the methionine allele did not show the same context-based response facilitation. Our results support that a single gene,
COMT, could modulate PFC-dependent cognition. 相似文献
922.
When experiencing aggression from group members, chimpanzees commonly produce screams. These agonistic screams are graded
signals and vary acoustically as a function of the severity of aggression the caller is facing. We conducted a series of field
playback experiments with a community of wild chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, to determine whether individuals
could meaningfully distinguish between screams given in different agonistic contexts. We compared six subjects’ responses
to screams given in response to severe and mild aggression. Subjects consistently discriminated between the two scream types.
To address the possibility that the response differences were driven directly by the screams’ peripheral acoustic features,
rather than any attached social meaning, we also tested the subjects’ responses to tantrum screams. These screams are given
by individuals that experienced social frustration, but no physical threat, yet acoustically they are very similar to screams
of victims of severe aggression. We found chimpanzees looked longer at severe victim screams than either mild victim screams
or tantrum screams. Our results indicate that chimpanzees attend to the informational content of screams and are able to distinguish
between different scream variants, which form part of a graded continuum. 相似文献
923.
Charles C. Liu Simon G. Hosking Michael G. Lenn 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2009,12(4):325-334
This study reports an experiment that compared the hazard perception abilities of experienced and novice motorcycle riders using an interactive, closed-loop, simulator. Participants (n = 49) were categorized into four groups: experienced motorcycle riders with full driver licence, inexperienced motorcycle riders with full driver licence, novice motorcycle riders with full driver licence, and novice motorcycle riders with probationary driver licence. The participants were tested on three scenarios, each consisting of eight hazardous events. They were instructed to ride normally, but to respond appropriately to avoid the hazards. Under certain conditions in the simulator, we found that experienced riders (relative to inexperienced or novice riders) crashed less often, received better performance evaluations, and approached hazards at more appropriate speeds. Interestingly, we also found that some novice riders were overconfident in their riding ability. We discuss how this overconfidence might be related to hazard perception. 相似文献
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927.
Focus particles such as only and even indicate that the focused element(s) in a sentence should be contrasted with a set of contextually defined alternatives.
Only indicates that properties assigned to the focus set are not shared by elements of the alternative set, whereas even indicates that the focus and alternative sets share the properties mentioned in the sentence. Even has the additional function of marking the focused element as being low on a scale of alternatives ranked in terms of likelihood,
thereby signaling that what is being described is somewhat surprising. Using eyetracking, we demonstrate that contrast information
associated with only and even is rapidly processed online, with effects for even being delayed, as compared with only (Experiment 1). This difference in time course was not driven by the underlying semantics of the sentence without the focus
particle (Experiment 2) but was probably due to even’s more complex semantic function. 相似文献
928.
Winnifred R. Louis Marc K.-H. Chan andSeth Greenbaum 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(2):472-493
Unhealthy and healthy eating intentions are predicted in a sample of 154 university students by the theory of planned behavior variables, in interaction with life stress. Specifically, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control (PBC) are shown to interact with life stress in relation to intentions to eat unhealthy foods, such that at high stress, the effects of subjective norms and PBC are attenuated. Implications are discussed for studies involving the planned behavior model and the study of life stress and unhealthy eating, for the theory of planned behavior more broadly, as well as for interventions targeting university students' eating intentions. 相似文献
929.
We defend Joseph Melia's thesis that the role of mathematics in scientific theory is to 'index' quantities, and that even if mathematics is indispensable to scientific explanations of concrete phenomena, it does not explain any of those phenomena. This thesis is defended against objections by Mark Colyvan and Alan Baker. 相似文献
930.
Sara Rantamki Jan Antfolk Pr Anders Granhag Pekka Santtila Simon Oleszkiewicz 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2020,17(2):191-211
The Scharff technique aims to elicit information by affecting the source's perception of the interviewer's existing knowledge. Although the technique has been found to be effective for gathering new information, countermeasures to the technique have not been examined. In a 2 × 2 between‐subjects experiment, we informed half of the 120 sources about the counter‐interrogation strategy of carefully considering the interviewer's prior knowledge and the tactic of providing information perceived as already known to the interviewer. After this, sources were interviewed with the Scharff technique or the Direct approach, widely used in human intelligence‐gathering situations and consisting of open‐ended and direct questions. We found that “informed sources” did not succeed in revealing information already known to the interviewer, where informed sources and uninformed sources revealed known information to a similar degree (1.62 pieces vs. 1.65 pieces). Sources interviewed with the Direct approach (vs. Scharff technique) revealed a larger amount of information previously known to the interviewer (2.18 pieces vs. 1.08 pieces). When interviewed with the Scharff technique, sources informed about the counter‐interrogation strategy attempted to adopt more counter‐interrogation strategies. The present study replicates earlier research on the Scharff technique as a technique effective in affecting the source's perception of the interviewer's prior knowledge. The results of the current study indicate that both the Scharff technique and the Direct approach might be similarly robust against counter‐interrogation strategies, in terms of gathering new information. Future studies should focus on implementing more comprehensive training in counter‐interrogation strategies for the sources. 相似文献