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181.
Bert Reynvoet Marc Brysbaert Wim Fias 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》2002,55(4):1127-1139
The issue of semantic and non-semantic conversion routes for numerals is still debated in numerical cognition. We report two number-naming experiments in which the target numerals were preceded by another numeral (prime). The primes and targets could be presented either in arabic (digit) notation or in verbal (alphabetical) notation. The results reveal a semantically related distance effect: Latencies are fastest when the prime has the same value as the target and increase when the distance between prime and target increases. We argue that the present results are congruent with the idea that the numerals make access to an ordered semantic number line common to all notations, as the results are the same for within-notation priming (arabic-arabic or verbal- verbal) and between-notations priming (arabic-verbal or verbal-arabic). The present results also point to a rapid involvement of semantics in the naming of numerals, also when the numerals are words. As such, they are in line with recent claims of rapid semantic mediation in word naming. 相似文献
182.
Dissecting the symbolic distance effect: Comparison and priming effects in numerical and nonnumerical orders 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
When participants are asked to compare two stimuli, responses are slower for stimuli close to each other on the relevant dimension
than for stimuli further apart. Previously, it has been proposed that this comparison distance effect originates from overlap
in the representation of the stimuli. This idea is generally accepted in numerical cognition, where it is assumed that representational
overlap of numbers on a mental number line accounts for the effect (e.g., Cohen Kadosh et al., 2005). In contrast, others
have emphasized the role of response-related processes to explain the comparison distance effect (e.g., Banks, 1977). In the
present study, numbers and letters are used to show that the comparison distance effect can be dissociated from a more direct
behavioral signature of representational overlap, the priming distance effect. The implication is that a comparison distance
effect does not imply representational overlap. An interpretation is given in terms of a recently proposed model of quantity
comparison (Verguts, Fias, & Stevens, 2005). 相似文献
183.
Cognitive control adjusts information processing to momentary needs and task requirements. We investigated conflict adaptation when participants are performing two tasks, a Simon task and a SNARC task. The results indicated that one congruency effect (e.g., Simon) was reduced after conflict in the other task (e.g., SNARC), but only when both tasks used identical relevant information. On the other hand, when both tasks used different relevant information, a larger congruency effect was observed after conflict in the other task. The results are explained in terms of a local control mechanism. 相似文献
184.
Hebbian learning of cognitive control: dealing with specific and nonspecific adaptation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The conflict monitoring model of M. M. Botvinick, T. S. Braver, D. M. Barch, C. S. Carter, and J. D. Cohen (2001) triggered several research programs investigating various aspects of cognitive control. One problematic aspect of the Botvinick et al. model is that there is no clear account of how the cognitive system knows where to intervene when conflict is detected. As a result, recent findings of task-specific and context-specific (e.g., item-specific) adaptation are difficult to interpret. The difficulty with item-specific adaptation was recently pointed out by C. Blais, S. Robidoux, E. F. Risko, and D. Besner (2007), who proposed an alternative model that could account for this. However, the same problem of where the cognitive system should intervene resurfaces in a different shape in this model, and it has difficulty in accounting for the Gratton effect, a hallmark item-nonspecific effect. The authors of the current article show how these problems can be solved when cognitive control is implemented as a conflict-modulated Hebbian learning rule. 相似文献
185.
Bayesian Procedures for Identifying Aberrant Response-Time Patterns in Adaptive Testing 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In order to identify aberrant response-time patterns on educational and psychological tests, it is important to be able to separate the speed at which the test taker operates from the time the items require. A lognormal model for response times with this feature was used to derive a Bayesian procedure for detecting aberrant response times. Besides, a combination of the response-time model with a regular response model in an hierarchical framework was used in an alternative procedure for the detection of aberrant response times, in which collateral information on the test takers’ speed is derived from their response vectors. The procedures are illustrated using a data set for the Graduate Management Admission Test® (GMAT®). In addition, a power study was conducted using simulated cheating behavior on an adaptive test. 相似文献
186.
The CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) model decomposes a three-way array into a prespecified number of R factors and a residual array by minimizing the sum of squares of the latter. It is well known that an optimal solution for
CP need not exist. We show that if an optimal CP solution does not exist, then any sequence of CP factors monotonically decreasing
the CP criterion value to its infimum will exhibit the features of a so-called “degeneracy”. That is, the parameter matrices
become nearly rank deficient and the Euclidean norm of some factors tends to infinity. We also show that the CP criterion
function does attain its infimum if one of the parameter matrices is constrained to be column-wise orthonormal. 相似文献
187.
Wim Ruts Simon De Deyne Eef Ameel Wolf Vanpaemel Timothy Verbeemen Gert Storms 《Behavior research methods, instruments & computers》2004,36(3):506-515
A data set is described that includes eight variables gathered for 13 common superordinate natural language categories and a representative set of 338 exemplars in Dutch. The category set contains 6 animal categories (reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, fish, and insects), 3 artifact categories (musical instruments, tools, and vehicles), 2 borderline artifact-natural-kind categories (vegetables and fruit), and 2 activity categories (sports and professions). In an exemplar and a feature generation task for the category nouns, frequency data were collected. For each of the 13 categories, a representative sample of 5-30 exemplars was selected. For all exemplars, feature generation frequencies, typicality ratings, pairwise similarity ratings, age-of-acquisition ratings, word frequencies, and word associations were gathered. Reliability estimates and some additional measures are presented. The full set of these norms is available in Excel format at the Psychonomic Society Web archive, www.psychonomic.org/archive/. 相似文献
188.
Wim Christiaens 《Axiomathes》2004,14(1):267-283
As part of the ‘creation-discovery’ interpretation of quantum mechanics Diederik Aerts presented a setting with macroscopical coincidence experiments designed to exhibit significant conceptual analogies between portions of stuff and quantum compound entities in a singlet state in Einstein—Podolsky—Rosen/Bell-experiments (EPR-experiments). One important claim of the creation-discovery view is that the singlet state describes an entity that does not have a definite position in space and thus ‘does not exist in space’. ‘Free Process Theory’ is a recent proposal by Johanna Seibt of an integrated ontology, i.e., of an ontology suitable for the interpretation of theories of the macrophysical and microphysical domain (quantum field theory). The framework of free process theory allows us to show systematically the relevant analogies and disanalogies between Aerts' experiment and EPR-experiments. From free process ontology it also follows quite naturally that the quantum compound entity described by the singlet state ‘does not exist in space.’ 相似文献
189.
Wim Ruts Simon De Deyne Eef Ameel Wolf Vanpaemel Timothy Verbeemen Gert Storms 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(3):506-515
A data set is described that includes eight variables gathered for 13 common superordinate natural language categories and
a representative set of 338 exemplars in Dutch. The category set contains 6 animal categories (reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, fish, andinsects), 3 artifact categories (musical instruments, tools, andvehicles), 2 borderline artifact-natural-kind categories (vegetables andfruit), and 2 activity categories (sports andprofessions). In an exemplar and a feature generation task for the category nouns, frequency data were collected. For each of the 13
categories, a representative sample of 5–30 exemplars was selected. For all exemplars, feature generation frequencies, typicality
ratings, pairwise similarity ratings, age-of-acquisition ratings, word frequencies, and word associations were gathered. Reliability
estimates and some additional measures are presented. The full set of these norms is available in Excel format at the Psychonomic
Society Web archive,www.psychonomic. org/archive/. 相似文献
190.