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321.
Much previous research has demonstrated that visual search is typically disrupted by the presence of a unique “singleton”
distractor in the search display. Here we show that attentional capture by an irrelevant color singleton during shape search
critically depends on availability of working memory to the search task: When working memory is loaded in a concurrent yet
unrelated verbal short-term memory task, capture increases. These findings converge with previous demonstrations that increasing
working memory load results in greater distractor interference in Stroop-like tasks (de Fockert, Rees, Frith, & Lavie, 2001;
Lavie, Hirst, de Fockert, & Viding, 2004), which support the hypothesis that working memory provides goal-directed control
of visual selective attention allowing to minimize interference by goal-irrelevant distractors. 相似文献
322.
Hazeltine E 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2005,12(4):682-688
The present study investigated response-response (R-R) compatibility in a bimanual keypressing task. Numeric and spatial stimuli
were used to cue responses for each hand. Two groups of participants differed in terms of the stimulus-response mappings for
the numeric stimuli. For one group, the numeric stimuli were mapped so that the same number for each hand indicated responses
that were anatomically compatible (e.g., index finger of both hands). For the other group, the same number for each hand indicated
responses that were left-right compatible (e.g., leftmost finger of both hands). The spatial stimuli were mapped in a spatially
compatible manner to the responses for both groups. For numeric stimuli, reaction times (RTs) were faster when the same number
indicated the response for each hand, regardless of the mapping. For the spatial stimuli, RTs were determined not only by
the pairing of stimuli or responses, but also by how the responses were indicated by numeric stimuli. The results indicate
that R-R compatibility effects are mediated by abstract codes that reflect individuals’ conceptualizations of their actions. 相似文献
323.
In visual perception, part segmentation of an object is considered to be guided by image-based properties, such as occurrences
of deep concavities in the outer contour. However, object-based properties can also provide information regarding segmentation.
In this study, outer contours and interpretations of object configurations were manipulated to examine differences between
image-based and object-based segmentation in a visual search task. We found that locating a two-dimensional object configuration
with deep concavities in the outer contour depends on the type of outer contour of the surrounding distractors. In addition,
locating a three-dimensional object configuration was harder when it was surrounded by object-based-disconnected distractors,
as compared with object-based-connected distractors, regardless of image-based connections in these distractors. We conclude
that segmentation based on the outer contours of a target facilitates its localization. However, when three-dimensional information
is available, segmentation strongly depends on object-based properties, rather than on image-based properties. 相似文献
324.
In one condition, positive and negative number pairs were compared in separate blocks of trials. In another condition, the
positive and the negative number pairs were intermixed. In the intermixed condition, comparisons involving negative numbers
were faster with the left hand than with the right, and comparisons were faster with the right hand than with the left hand
with the positive numbers; that is, a spatial numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect was obtained, in which
the mental number line was extended leftward with the negative numbers. On the other hand, in the blocked condition, a reverse
SNARC effect was obtained with the negative numbers; that is, negative number pairs have the same underlying spatial representation
as the positive numbers in this context. Nongraded semantic congruity effects, obtained in both the blocked and the intermixed
conditions, are consistent with the idea that magnitude information is extracted prior to the generation of discrete semantic
codes. 相似文献
325.
Because some features affect the efficiency of visual search even when they are irrelevant to the task, they are thought tocapture attention in a stimulus-driven manner. If such attention shifts are stimulus driven, they should be unaffected by reduced
resources. We added a concurrent auditory task to a traditional attention capture paradigm and found that capture by an irrelevant,
abruptly appearing stimulus (i.e., an onset) was eliminated. In contrast, prioritization of an irrelevant color singleton—a
stimulus that at most receives only mild prioritization in this paradigm—was increased under dual-task conditions. These results
challenge the hypothesis that attention capture by irrelevant features is stimulus driven. Instead, prioritization depends
on and is modulated by the availability of resources. 相似文献
326.
Trick LM 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2005,12(4):675-681
Articulatory suppression (repeatedly pronouncing a syllable or word while carrying out another task) is thought to interfere
selectively with the phonological store in working memory (Larsen & Baddeley, 2003). Although suppression interferes with
temporal enumeration (enumerating successive light flashes), to date there has been little evidence of such interference in
spatial enumeration (enumerating units laid out in space at one time)—a finding with serious ramifications for theories of
enumeration. Participants carried out a spatial enumeration task, enumerating 1–8 dots while listening to a metronome (baseline
condition) or while carrying out a secondary task to the rhythm of the metronome (dual-task condition). There were four secondary
tasks: simple articulation (saying a letter), complex articulation (alternating between two letters), simple tapping (tapping
a finger), and complex tapping (alternating between two fingers). Interference varied with number of items, but the pattern
differed from that observed with temporal enumeration (Logie & Baddeley, 1987). 相似文献
327.
The category inclusion rule specifies that categories inherit the properties of their superordinates. For example, given thatall metals are pentavalent, it can be concluded thatall iron is pentavalent. Sloman (1998) showed that people do not fully endorse conclusions that follow from the category inclusion rule. He claims
that people rely on the similarity between the premise and the conclusion categories (metals andiron), rather than applying the category inclusion rule. By allowing reasoners to rate their certainty for category relations
(e.g.,iron is metal), as well as for conclusions, the present study shows that similarity has only an indirect effect on the certainty of conclusions:
Reasoners are more certain that similar categories have a category inclusion relation, and this in turn affects the certainty
of conclusions based on this relation. 相似文献
328.
This study investigated the relationships among mindfulness, marital satisfaction, and perceived spousal similarity. All 95
subjects responded to a questionnaire measuring each of these variables, and an additional series of demographic variables.
A significant positive relationship was found between mindfulness and marital satisfaction, with no statistically significant
relationship found between perceived spousal similarity and marital satisfaction. There was a stronger correlation between
mindfulness and marital satisfaction than the correlation between marital satisfaction and any of the other variables, including
similarity. These results carry meaningful implications for the role of mindfulness techniques within the context of building
and maintaining happy marital relationships and general well-being. 相似文献
329.
The Role of Temperament in the Etiology of Child Psychopathology 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
A substantial proportion of children and adolescents come to suffer from psychological disorders. This article focuses on
the temperament factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of child psychopathology. It is argued that besides the reactive
temperament factor of emotionality/neuroticism, the regulative process of effortful control also plays an important role in
the etiology and maintenance of internalizing and externalizing problems in youths. More specifically, vulnerability to child
psychopathology is determined by a temperament that is characterized by high levels of emotionality/neuroticism and low levels
of effortful control. Models are hypothesized in which reactive and regulative temperament factors either have interactive
or additive effects on the development of psychological disorders in children, and conceptualized in terms of a developmental
psychopathology perspective. Directions for future research and clinical implications of this temperamental view on psychopathology
are discussed. 相似文献
330.
Preadolescent Clues to Understanding Depression in Girls 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Between the ages of 10 and 15, increases in depression among girls result in a rate that is twice as high as the rate of depression in boys. This sex difference remains throughout early and middle adulthood. Prior to early adolescence, there is essentially no sex difference in the rate of depression. The aim of the present review is to examine whether the preadolescent period is a time during which precursors to depression in girls can be identified. First, existing areas of research on explaining sex differences in depression, including cognitive and affiliative style and the socialization of emotion, are reviewed. Second, the hypothesis that for some girls, preadolescent precursors to depression take the form of excessive empathy, compliance and regulation of negative emotions is articulated. Third, ways of building on existing models by including the proposed preadolescent precursors are proposed. Finally, approaches to testing the hypotheses that individual differences in these domains during preadolescence may explain later individual differences in adolescent onset depression are explored. 相似文献