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311.
Kenneth?I.?PakenhamEmail author 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2005,12(1):25-38
This study examined relations between stress and coping predictors and negative and positive outcomes in MS caregiving. A total of 222 carers and their care-recipients completed questionnaires at Time 1 and three months later, Time 2 (n = 155). Predictors included care-recipient characteristics (age, time since diagnosis, course and life satisfaction), and Times 1 and 2 carer problems, stress appraisal and coping. Dependent variables were Time 2 negative (anxiety, depression) and positive outcomes (life satisfaction, positive affect, benefits). Regressions indicated that, overall, the hypothesised direct effects of stress appraisal and coping strategies on positive and negative outcomes were supported. The hypothesised stress-buffering effects of positive reframing coping were also supported. All but one of the coping strategies were related to both positive and negative outcomes; specifically, practical assistance coping emerged as a unique predictor of distress. Of the model predictors, care-recipient life satisfaction emerged as the strongest and most consistent predictor of both positive and negative outcomes except benefit finding. Findings support the role of care-recipient characteristics and the carers appraisal and coping processes in shaping both positive and negative outcomes. The guiding framework and findings have the potential to inform interventions designed to promote well-being in carers. 相似文献
312.
Toby?R.?Newton-JohnEmail author 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2005,12(4):349-358
A new questionnaire, the Family Impact of Pain Scale (FIPS), was designed in order to assess the effects of chronic pain on
the significant other and family of the chronic pain patient. The FIPS is a 10-item self-report questionnaire examining the
effect of pain on domestic duties, social functioning and communication within the family. It was administered to 177 chronic
pain patients in two different samples to investigate its psychometric properties. Internal reliability (α = .94) and test–retest
reliability (r = 0.79) were high. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a two-factor solution, relating to physical limitations and difficulties
with communication. Construct validity was confirmed by significant Pearson correlations with pain intensity, pain distress,
mood and the use of pain coping skills (r = −0.22–0.74, all at p < .05). Outcome data also showed that the measure is sensitive to the effects of a cognitive behavioural pain management
intervention. 相似文献
313.
Irene?M.?Thio Timothy?R.?ElliottEmail author 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2005,12(4):293-299
We examined the potentially mediating effects of negative affectivity (NA) on the hope–depression relationship among a sample
of postpartum women. We also assessed the social support reported by these women and examined the possible mediating effects
of NA on the social support–postpartum depression relationship. Correlational analyses of data obtained from women (N = 98) who had given birth in the previous 6 months revealed that NA did not mediate either hope or social support in the
prediction of postpartum depression. Hope accounted for a significant degree of variance in postpartum depression. These data
suggest that hope has palliative effects among women following childbirth and these effects are not nullified or explained
by emotional predispositions. 相似文献
314.
Jay B. Sisun is a Clinical Research Assistant at Taunton State Hospital. Glen A. Eskedal is the Chair and Professor of Education
and Human Services at Suffolk University. Of challenge to developmental psychologists and mental health practitioners is the
management of positive and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia and their effects on mastering psychosocial developmental
tasks. The intent of this article is to provide specific information pertinent to understanding this disorder, to understand
the age-appropriate struggle for individuation, and to offer recommendations for effective treatment. 相似文献
315.
Developmental Differences in Metacognition and their Connections with Cognitive Development in Adulthood 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study investigated developmental differences in some metacognitive variables in ill-defined problem solving and their
possible connections with cognitive development in adulthood. Participants were 57 individuals of different ages (adolescents,
young adults, mature adults and older adults). They solved one well-defined and six ill-defined problems while their thinking-aloud
was taped. They then answered a metacognitive statements questionnaire. Differences in performance were statistically significant
in all problems: the best results in interpolation and divergent production problems were achieved by the younger adult group
and the best performance on most dialectical everyday problems was found in the mature adults' group. We found no significant
differences between age groups in the on-line monitoring of the solving process. Accuracy in metacognitive statements was
however significantly better in the mature adult and the younger adult groups. Awareness of and reflection on one's own mental
processes showed a similar developmental pattern to relativistic/dialectical thought: low expression in adolescence, an increase
in early adulthood, a peak in mature adulthood and a minor decline in later years. 相似文献
316.
To investigate the contested role of notional number in English subject-verb agreement, we used a sentence completion task
to examine agreement with minimally different subject noun-phrases, such as the gang on the motorcycles and the gang near
the motorcycles. These contrasting phrases biased different notional construals of collective nouns, such as gang, which are
normally ambiguous between plural (distributed) and singular (collected) construals. With subjects biased toward spatial distribution,
such as gang on motorcycles, more plural verbs occurred in speakers’ sentence completions than in sentence completions with
a bias toward spatial collection such as gang near motorcycles. This offers strong evidence regarding both the existence and
the magnitude of notional effects on subject-verb number agreement in English. 相似文献
317.
In the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) involving race classification (white vs. black),
an apparent compatibility effect is found between the “pleasant” attribute and the “white” category. This race IAT effect
has been interpreted in terms of “implicit prejudice”—that is, more positive evaluation of whites than of blacks that is not
open to consciousness. We suggested instead that the race IAT effect is better interpreted in terms of the salience asymmetry
account proposed by Rothermund and Wentura (2004), whereby greater familiarity with the white category makes it more salient.
Evidence that has been presented against the familiarity interpretation is considered, and alternative interpretations of
findings related to the race IAT effect are discussed. 相似文献
318.
The present study examined the relationship between the predictability of words within a sentence and the availability of
parafoveal word length information, on when and where the eyes move in reading. Predictability influenced first-pass reading
times when parafoveal word length preview information was correct, but not when it was incorrect. Similarly, for saccades
launched from near the target word (wordn), predictability influenced the probability with which it was skipped only when the word length preview was correct. By contrast,
for saccades launched farther away from wordn, predictability influenced word skipping regardless of the parafoveal word length preview. Taken together, the data suggest
that parafoveal word length preview and predictability can act as a joint constraint on the decision of when and where to
move the eyes. 相似文献
319.
Recognition memory judgments have long been assumed to depend on the contributions of two underlying processes: recollection
and familiarity. We measured recollection with receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) data and remember-know judgments. Under
standard remember-know instructions, the two estimates of recollection diverged. When subjects were told they might need to
justify theirremember responses to the experimenter, the two estimates were more likely to agree. The data support the conclusion thatremember responses are generally based on a continuous underlying process but that specific task instructions can produce data that
appear consistent with a high-threshold recollective process. Models based on signal detection theory provide a better account
of these data than does the dual-process model (Yonelinas, 1994) or process-pure interpretations. 相似文献
320.
We examined the influence of encoding and generation processes on distinctiveness, isolation, and background effects in short-term
recall of order information. Adults recalled the order of letters in one of two segments following a distractor task, knowing
in advance the identity of the letters. A distinctive letter was one that was either in red or absent and replaced with a
red dash, thereby requiring generation. On trials with a distinctive letter, the letter was primed in advance. A negative
generation effect was found; in addition, there was a positive distinctiveness effect but a negative background effect on
trials in which generation was required. These effects can be explained in terms of the extra processing given to distinctive
items when they need to be generated. 相似文献