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241.
Lauren Wilson Joshua D. Miller Amos Zeichner Donald R. Lynam Thomas A. Widiger 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(3):315-322
The Elemental Psychopathy Assessment (EPA) is a new self-report measure of psychopathy designed to assess the personality
traits associated with psychopathy from a Five Factor Model perspective. The current study examined the validity of the EPA
in sample of undergraduates by examining the relations between the EPA scales and three validated self-report psychopathy
instruments, as well as assessments of aggression, substance use, and antisocial behavior. The EPA scales manifested strong
convergent validity with the extant psychopathy measures and an expected pattern of relations with measures of externalizing
behaviors. Overall, the EPA appears to be a promising measure of psychopathy which provides new opportunities to explore the
underlying structure of this construct and parse its relations with constructs central to its nomological network. 相似文献
242.
This research examined the question of whether the psychology of social identity can motivate cooperation in the context of a global collective. Our data came from a multinational study of choice behavior in a multilevel public-goods dilemma conducted among samples drawn from the general populations of the United States, Italy, Russia, Argentina, South Africa, and Iran. Results demonstrate that an inclusive social identification with the world community is a meaningful psychological construct that plays a role in motivating cooperation that transcends parochial interests. Self-reported identification with the world as a whole predicts behavioral contributions to a global public good beyond what is predicted from expectations about what other people are likely to contribute. Furthermore, global social identification is conceptually distinct from general attitudes about global issues, and has unique effects on cooperative behavior. 相似文献
243.
Little is known about factors predicting the likelihood of choosing genetic testing in college aged women versus older women,
including knowledge of quality of life (QOL) associated with a disorder. Using vignettes with female college students (Experiment
1: n = 257, mean age = 19.70 yrs) and female faculty/staff/alumni (Experiment 2: n
nulliparous = 83, mean age = 30.20 yrs; n
mothers = 53, mean age = 33.77 yrs), we examined the contribution of multiple factors to predicting genetic testing likelihood for
cystic fibrosis. We investigated malleable situational factors (style of genetic risk presentation and providing QOL information
including physical and social aspects) and stable dispositional factors (abortion views). Parity (i.e., prior births) was
more influential in women’s genetic testing likelihood than was age. Greater acceptability of abortion for oneself and self-assessed
knowledge following QOL information were predictors of higher testing likelihood for college students. Greater acceptability
of abortion for another person was a predictor for nulliparous women. Abortion views moderated the effect of predictors for
nulliparous women and mothers. Findings encourage genetic counselors to utilize QOL information to promote informed decision
making through genetic testing. 相似文献
244.
In two previous studies on general and violent recidivism (Walters & Heilbrun, 2010; Walters, Knight, Grann, & Dahle, 2008), the summed composite antisocial facet of the Psychopathy Checklist displayed incremental validity relative to the other 3 facets (interpersonal, affective, lifestyle), whereas the other 3 facets generally failed to demonstrate incremental validity relative to the antisocial facet. Because summed composite scores do not account for ordinal item distributions, the 6 Walters et al. (2008) samples were reanalyzed with factor score composites derived from a 4-factor confirmatory factor analysis. The results, however, showed little change from what had been obtained earlier with summed composite scores. Two additional samples not previously included in any incremental validity analyses of the Psychopathy Checklist evidenced a 3-factor structure, with the lifestyle and antisocial facets merged into a single factor. This single factor displayed incremental validity relative to the interpersonal and affective facets, but the reverse was not true regardless of whether summed composite scores or factor score composites were used. A comparison of zero-order correlations from all 8 samples revealed that the antisocial summed composite score predicted significantly better than the summed composite scores for the other 3 facets and that a superordinate factor failed to improve on the performance of either the antisocial summed composite score or the antisocial factor score composite. 相似文献
245.
The Masked Priming Toolbox is an open-source collection of MATLAB functions that utilizes the free third-party PsychToolbox-3
(PTB3: Brainard, Spatial Vision, 10, 433-436, 1997; Kleiner, Brainard & Pelli, Perception, 36, 2007; Pelli, Spatial Vision, 10, 437-442, 1997). It is designed to allow a researcher to run masked (and unmasked) priming experiments using a variety of response
devices (including keyboards, graphics tablets and force transducers). Very little knowledge of MATLAB is required; experiments
are generated by creating a text file with the required parameters, and raw and analyzed data are output to Excel (as well
as MATLAB) files for further analysis. The toolbox implements a variety of stimuli for use as primes and targets, as well
as a variety of masks. Timing, size, location, and orientation of stimuli are all parameterizable. The code is open-source
and made available on the Web under a Creative Commons License. 相似文献
246.
We attempted to reduce college students' use of their cars with an online intervention. Every other day for 2 weeks, students reported the number of miles they had avoided driving. In a 2 × 2 design, participants received feedback about pollution avoided (e.g., CO2 saved), financial feedback (e.g., gas money saved), or no feedback. A control group did not monitor their driving. Participants in all Web conditions reported driving less than the no‐Web control group. In addition, Web participants who received both kinds of feedback reported driving less than did those who received one kind or none. We discuss implications for research on energy conservation and offer an online feedback form to help readers reduce their own driving. 相似文献
247.
As faces become familiar, recognition becomes easier but the style of processing also changes. Here, twenty-one typically developing (TD) children and twenty-one children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were familiarised with 6 identities over 3 days. Next, they completed a 4-alternative forced-choice matching test in which targets were the 6 familiarised faces and 6 unfamiliar faces. The TD group showed a significant advantage for familiarised faces when matching whole faces and both internal and external facial regions. The ASD group showed similar familiarisation effects for whole and external faces, but not for internal regions. The ASD group was also impaired at matching eyes and mouths of familiarised faces. Results suggest the process of acquiring familiarity with faces differs from ASD and TD children. 相似文献
248.
Accumulating evidence on the nature, function and acquisition of relational knowledge indicates a crucial role of such knowledge in higher cognitive processes. In this review, we specify the essential properties of relational knowledge, together with the role it plays in reasoning, categorisation, planning, quantification and language. Furthermore, we discuss the processes involved in its acquisition and how these processes have been implemented in contemporary neural network models. We present evidence demonstrating that relational knowledge integrates heuristic and analytic cognition, is important for symbolic processes and the creation of novelty, activates specific regions of the prefrontal cortex, and is the most recently evolved and slowest-developing cognitive process. Arguably, relational knowledge represents the core of higher cognition. 相似文献
249.
Samantha Lundrigan Sarah Czarnomski Marc Wilson 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2010,7(1):15-30
This study examines the crime patterns of 76 New Zealand serial sexual offenders in order to determine the extent to which offenders display locational consistency in their choice of crime locations. More specifically, the hypothesis was that there would be intraseries consistency in the distances travelled (spatial consistency) and the characteristics of the crime sites selected (environmental consistency) by serial sexual offenders. For spatial consistency to be tested, the distances travelled from home to offend and the criminal range for each offence series were analysed. Support was found for spatial consistency, and, in line with much overseas research, it was also found that the offenders typically did not travel very far from home to offend (median distance of 3 km). The environmental consistency measure was made up of various physical, temporal, and contextual variables that described the environmental characteristics of an offence. As hypothesised, it was found that offenders displayed intraseries environmental consistency in offence site selection beyond the level of that expected by chance. The implications of this both for understanding offender spatial decision making and for geographical profiling are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
250.
This study investigated whether magazine exposure is related to stereotypical beliefs about tanned women. A survey of White college women (n = 205) assessed their exposure to beauty/fashion and health/fitness magazines. Outcome variables were the beliefs that tanned women are fashionable, fit, and shallow. Attention to the tanned women's images in health magazines positively predicted the belief that tanned women are fit and that tanned women are shallow; in contrast, attention to the images in beauty magazine negatively predicted the belief that tanned women are fit. Number of beauty magazines women read negatively predicted the belief that tanned women are shallow. The belief that tanned women are fit was unrelated, but the belief that tanned women are shallow was negatively related, with tanning attitudes. 相似文献