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61.
The cultural grid differentiates between personal and cultural elements of a multicultural situation. It combines the social system variables of ethnographic, demographic, status, and affiliation with personal cognitive variables of behavior, expectation and value. The resulting personal cultural orientation will display the complicated range of dynamic and salient cultures in a person's background which influence behaviors, expectations and values at an intrapersonal level. The grid also differentiates between personal (different expectation but same behavior) and cultural (same expectation but different behavior) interactions on an interpersonal level. 相似文献
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One of the cornerstones of modern medicine is the search for what causes diseases to develop. A conception of multifactorial disease causes has emerged over the years. Theories of disease causation, however, have not quite been developed in accordance with this view. It is the purpose of this paper to provide a fundamental explication of aspects of causation relevant for discussing causes of disease. The first part of the analysis will discuss discrimination between singular and general causality. Singular causality, as in the specific patient, is a relation between a concrete sequence of causally linked events. General causation, e.g. as in disease etiology, means various categories of causal relations between event types. The paper introduces the concept of a reference case serving as a source for causal inference, reaching beyond the concept of general causality. The second part of the analysis provides exemplification of a theory of causation suitable for discussing singular causation. The chain of events that induce a disease state can be identified as effective causal complexes, each complex composed of nonredundant components, which separately contribute to the effect of the complex, without the individual component being necessary or sufficient in itself to produce the effect. In the third part of the analysis the theory is elaborated further. Causes, defined as nonredundant components, can furthermore be differentiated according to their avoidability, according to theories about human error or by the potential of eradication. Multifactorial models of disease creates a need for systematic approaches to causal factors. The paper proposes a taxonomical terminology that serves this purpose. 相似文献
64.
R Plomin P Lichtenstein N L Pedersen G E McClearn J R Nesselroade 《Psychology and aging》1990,5(1):25-30
Genetic influence on perceptions of major events later in life was assessed with a combination of twin and adoption designs as part of the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA). The SATSA design includes 4 groups totaling 399 pairs of same-sex twins: identical and fraternal twins reared apart and matched twins reared together. The average age of the twins was 59 years. The results demonstrate significant genetic influence on reports of the occurrence of life events, especially for controllable events in which the individual can play an active role. Maximum likelihood model-fitting estimates of genetic influence indicate that 40% of the variance of the total life events score is due to genetic differences among individuals. How genetic factors can affect life experiences and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
65.
C Bundesen L F Pedersen A Larsen 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1984,10(3):329-339
In the proposed model for partial report, performance reflects the number of targets in a short-term memory buffer. The total number of items (targets, distractors, or extraneous noise) entering the buffer is independent of the number of targets and distractors in the stimulus. Entrance is determined by selective sampling according to a Luce (1959) ratio rule. The model was tested in a variety of conditions with partial reports based on brightness, color, shape, or alphanumeric class. With three parameters, the model accounted for 99% of the variance with number of targets and number of distractors in data obtained by averaging across conditions. Parameter K (number of items entering the buffer) showed little variation with the selection criterion, and estimates for parameter epsilon (total impact of extraneous noise with impact per target as the unit) were rather small. Estimates for parameter alpha (impact per distractor with impact per target as the unit) varied widely across conditions. Parameter alpha is a measure for the efficiency of selecting targets rather than distractors. 相似文献
66.
Color segregation and visual search 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
67.
EAS temperaments during the last half of the life span: twins reared apart and twins reared together
R Plomin N L Pedersen G E McClearn J R Nesselroade C S Bergeman 《Psychology and aging》1988,3(1):43-50
In this first behavioral genetic study of personality in the last half of the life span, results are reported using the powerful adoption/twin design that compares identical and fraternal twins reared apart and identical and fraternal twins reared together. Traits studied were the EAS temperaments (emotionality, activity level, and sociability), traits that show substantial genetic influence in childhood. It was hypothesized that the EAS traits would also show significant genetic influence later in life and that most of the environmental variation would be nonshared--that is, twins reared together would show no greater resemblance for the EAS traits than twins reared apart. Both hypotheses are supported. 相似文献
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Kristoffer B. Kristensen Darhl M. Pedersen & Richard N. Williams 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2001,40(1):75-86
This study examined the relationships between religious orientation and components of religious attitudes. Religious orientation was measured using Batson, Schoenrade, and Ventis' (1993) Religious Life Inventory. Affective, cognitive, and conative components of attitudes toward religious beliefs and practices were measured using an instrument constructed for the study. Participants were undergraduate students from four educational institutions in the United States. Systematic relationships were found among the dimensions of religious orientation and the components of religious attitudes. Means and Quest orientations had very similar profiles, characterized by high Cognition scores and relatively low Affect and Conation scores. By contrast, modestly low Cognition scores and significantly high Affect and Conation scores characterized the profile of the Ends orientation. Results are discussed in terms of the concept of mature religiosity. 相似文献