Book Reviews

Object Relations Therapy: Using The Relationship by Sheldon Cashdan New York: Norton, 1988

Facets of Emotion: Recent Research edited by Klaus R. Scherer Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1988

The Cognitive Structure of Emotions by Andrew Ortony, Gerald L. Clore, & Allan Collins Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1988     

Dual Marginality: The Impact of Auditory Status and Sexual Orientation on Abuse in a College Sample of Women and Men

This exploratory study examined the relationship between the combination of auditory status and sexual orientation, and experiencing interpersonal violence, as measured by sexual, physical, and psychological abuse. A cross-sectional examination of 1,023 undergraduate students including 222 Deaf and hard-of-hearing students provided the data. Findings revealed that gay, lesbian, and bisexual students who also were Deaf or hard of hearing were more likely to experience sexual, physical, and psychological abuse than those in mainstream majority groups. The combination of auditory minority with sexual minority status for students had the strongest effect for physical and psychological abuse. Implications for policy and future research are provided.     

Predictor Variables of PTSD Symptoms in School Victimization: A Retrospective Study with College Students

The literature has indicated that school victimization might favor the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, few studies have shown which variables are important in this process. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between explanatory variables (individual characteristics and aversive school experiences), and the development of PTSD symptoms, using an ordinal logistic regression model. To this end, 691 students of a public university situated in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with a mean age of 21.1 years responded to a Brazilian version of the retrospective instrument Student Alienation and Trauma Survey–R (SATS–R). Significant variables for the regression model were age, duration of the worst school experience and subsequent discomfort, and relational and verbal violence victimization. In general, the greater the discomfort experienced by the student, the longer the duration of the worst school experience, the older the student and the more verbal and relational victimization episodes experienced, the greater the possibility of displaying clinically significant symptoms of PTSD.     

Incidental and intentional visual memory: What memories are and are not affected by encoding tasks?

Prior research into the impact of encoding tasks on visual memory (Castelhano & Henderson, 2005) indicated that incidental and intentional encoding tasks led to similar memory performance. The current study investigated whether different encoding tasks impacted visual memories equally for all types of objects in a conjunction search (e.g., targets, colour distractors, object category distractors, or distractors unrelated to the target). In sequences of pictures, participants searched for prespecified targets (e.g., green apple; Experiment 1), memorized all objects (Experiment 2), searched for specified targets while memorizing all objects (Experiment 3), searched for postidentified targets (Experiment 4), or memorized all objects with one object prespecified (Experiment 5). Encoding task significantly improved visual memory for targets and led to worse memory for unrelated distractors, but did not influence visual memory of distractors that were related to the target's colour or object category. The differential influence of encoding task indicates that the relative importance of the object both positively and negatively influences the memory retained.     

Expertise in basketball modifies perceptual discrimination abilities,underlying cognitive processes,and visual behaviours

In this paper, the links between cognitive constraints, visual behaviours, and perceptual judgements are examined. Two experiments investigated the perceptual processes employed during same-different judgement tasks. In Experiment 1, experts' eye movements (i.e., number of fixations and fixation duration) were consistent across discrepant source and target conditions where the number of displaced elements was manipulated. In contrast, novices decreased the number of fixations employed as the number of elements displaced increased. The findings are consistent with the view that both experts and novices process information in a manner (relational or attributional) that constrains the type of visual search used (low or high sensitive to attributional change). In Experiment 2, manipulation of target presentation confirmed that recognition was viewpoint dependent for both expert and novice players. The degradation in performance was accompanied by a change in the visual search behaviours employed by experts, which confirmed thr strength of the search–cognition–performance links     

Moore’s paradox and the priority of belief thesis

Moore’s paradox is the fact that assertions or beliefs such as Bangkok is the capital of Thailand but I do not believe that Bangkok is the capital of Thailand or Bangkok is the capital of Thailand but I believe that Bangkok is not the capital of Thailand are ‘absurd’ yet possibly true. The current orthodoxy is that an explanation of the absurdity should first start with belief, on the assumption that once the absurdity in belief has been explained then this will translate into an explanation of the absurdity in assertion. This assumption gives explanatory priority to belief over assertion. I show that the translation involved is much trickier than might at first appear. It is simplistic to think that Moorean absurdity in assertion is always a subsidiary product of the absurdity in belief, even when the absurdity is conceived as irrationality. Instead we should aim for explanations of Moorean absurdity in assertion and in belief that are independent even if related, while bearing in mind that some forms of irrationality may be forms of absurdity even if not conversely.     

Gender Clues and Cues: Online Interactions as Windows into Lay Theories about Men and Women

Based on the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Vallerand, 1997 Vallerand , R. J. , Fortier , M. S. , &; Guay , F. ( 1997 ). Self-determination and persistence in a real-life setting: Toward a motivational model of high-school drop out . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 , 1161 – 1176 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), the purpose of the present research was to propose and test a model that posits that individuals’ perceptions of autonomy support from their supervisor in an activity (e.g., coach, teacher) and their global autonomous motivation jointly promote their autonomous (contextual) motivation toward the activity. In turn, contextual autonomous motivation positively predicts interest in the activity, whereas it negatively predicts intentions to drop out of the activity. In Study 1, the model was tested with a sample of 206 competitive athletes registered in the French Skiing Federation. In Study 2, a short longitudinal design was used, and the sample was composed of 206 French high school students (128 female, 78 male). Results from structural equation modeling analyses supported the hypothesized model. These results provided support for the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Vallerand, 1997 Vallerand , R. J. ( 1997 ). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation . In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 271 – 360 ). New York , NY : Academic Press .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). The implications of the findings and future research avenues are discussed in light of the hierarchical model and self-determination theory.     

Influence of dorsolateral periaqueductal grey (dlPAG) lesions on contextual conditioning with massed and distributed shock

Three experiments investigated the conditions under which electrolytic lesions of the dorsolateral periaqueductal grey (dlPAG) facilitate conditioned defensive freezing in the rat ( Rattus norvegicus ). Experiment 1 found that dlPAG lesions placed before context-shock pairings facilitated conditioned defensive freezing with massed but not distributed shock. No such effect was found in Experiment 2, when the lesions were placed after context-shock pairings. Experiment 3 found that dlPAG lesions facilitated subsequent conditioning with massed but not a single shock. In addition, no differences in sensitivity to thermal or shock pain were evident in lesioned and unlesioned rats. Taken together, these results are consistent with the suggestion that dlPAG activation interferes with the processing of contextual cues during association formation.