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201.
Williams CC Perea M Pollatsek A Rayner K 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2006,32(4):1072-1082
In 2 experiments, a boundary technique was used with parafoveal previews that were identical to a target (e.g., sleet), a word orthographic neighbor (sweet), or an orthographically matched nonword (speet). In Experiment 1, low-frequency words in orthographic pairs were targets, and high-frequency words were previews. In Experiment 2, the roles were reversed. In Experiment 1, neighbor words provided as much preview benefit as identical words and greater benefit than nonwords, whereas in Experiment 2, neighbor words provided no greater preview benefit than nonwords. These results indicate that the frequency of a preview influences the extraction of letter information without setting up appreciable competition between previews and targets. This is consistent with a model of word recognition in which early stages largely depend on excitation of letter information, and competition between lexical candidates becomes important only in later stages. 相似文献
202.
Young adult and older readers' eye movements were recorded as they read sentences containing target words that varied in frequency or predictability. In addition, half of the sentences were printed in a font that was easy to read (Times New Roman) and the other half were printed in a font that was more difficult to read (Old English). Word frequency, word predictability, and font difficulty effects were apparent in the eye movement data of both groups of readers. In the fixation time data, the pattern of results was the same, but the older readers had larger frequency and predictability effects than the younger readers. The older readers skipped words more often than the younger readers (as indicated by their skipping rate on selected target words), but they made more regressions back to the target words and more regressions overall. The E-Z Reader model was used as a platform to evaluate the results, and simulations using the model suggest that lexical processing is slowed in older readers and that, possibly as a result of this, they adopt a more risky reading strategy. 相似文献
203.
Williams MT Schaefer TL Furay AR Ehrman LA Vorhees CV 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2006,9(3):153-163
We examined the ontogeny of the corticosterone response to (+)-methamphetamine in neonatal rats. In experiment-1, animals were injected with 10 mg/kg of (+)-methamphetamine or saline and plasma corticosterone levels were examined in separate groups 30 or 105 min later on postnatal day (P) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, or 19. The adrenal response to methamphetamine was best described by a U-shaped function with the nadir of corticosterone release occurring between P7 and P13. Experiment-2 was similar except that the effect of four consecutive days of exposure to (+)-methamphetamine (four times daily at 2 h intervals with 10 mg/kg) was assessed with a single final dose early on the fifth day (i.e. P1-5, 3-7, 5-9, 7-11, 9-13, 11-15, 13-17, 15-19). The 30 min corticosterone response after multiple methamphetamine doses was augmented compared to single exposures, with the exception of the two earliest dosing intervals ending on P5 and P7, where the responses were lower. In addition, at 105 min, the levels of corticosterone were attenuated relative to a single drug administration. With the exception of animals receiving methamphetamine from P15 to P19, thymus weights were unaffected. The data demonstrate that (+)-methamphetamine is a robust activator of corticosterone release in developing animals and this release is extensively modified by age and previous drug exposure. 相似文献
204.
Raes F Hermans D Williams JM Demyttenaere K Sabbe B Pieters G Eelen P 《Memory (Hove, England)》2006,14(5):584-594
The present study explored the relation between overgeneral autobiographical memory (AM) and other aspects of memory functioning in depression. A total of 26 patients with major depressive disorder completed a set of memory tasks measuring AM specificity (AMT; Williams & Broadbent, 1986), working memory, semantic memory, verbal learning, delayed verbal recall, recognition memory, and source memory. Reduced specificity of AM was related to poor working memory (central executive functioning) and poor source memory. The former finding conforms to the idea that the voluntary retrieval of specific autobiographical memories (AMs) involves central executive processes (e.g., Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000). The latter finding replicates and extends recent findings suggesting that overgeneral AM is part of a broader memory deficit in retrieving the specific details of the context in which information was acquired (Ramponi, Barnard, & Nimmo-Smith, 2004). Furthermore, in line with Ramponi et al. (2004), rumination was found to be related to both overgeneral AM and poor source memory. 相似文献
205.
206.
Alishia D. Williams 《Behavior Therapy》2010,41(1):38-45
The current study sought to experimentally assess the differential effects of analytical ruminative processing and distraction on the experience of self-referent naturally occurring intrusive memories in a sample of dysphoric (BDI-II ≥ 12) participants. Seventy-seven undergraduate participants completed a memory interview to elicit details about a self-referential intrusion and were randomly assigned to either an analytical rumination or distraction condition. Subsequent to the rumination induction, participants rated their intrusive memory as more negative, more distressing, and more evocative of a negative emotional response compared to participants who were allocated to the distraction induction. Inducing analytical rumination also resulted in participants reporting worse (i.e., more sad) mood relative to those in the distraction condition. The findings align with the suggestion that depressed individuals may get caught up in a ruminative cycle that, due to the documented effects of analytical self-focus, exacerbate the emotional response elicited by intrusions and perpetuate biased attentional focus on them. Directions for future investigations of the cognitive processes that are important in the maintenance of intrusions in depressive disorders are discussed. 相似文献
207.
Increased understanding of the nature and role of intrusive imagery has contributed to the development of effective treatment protocols for some anxiety disorders. However, intrusive imagery in severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis) has been comparatively neglected. Hence, the current study investigates the prevalence, nature and content of intrusive imagery in 55 patients who met DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2000) criteria for the diagnosis of hypochondriasis. A semi-structured interview was used to assess the prevalence, nature and possible role of intrusive imagery in this disorder. Over 78% of participants reported experiencing recurrent, distressing intrusive images, the majority (72%) of which either were a memory of an earlier event or were strongly associated with a memory. The images tended to be future orientated, and were reliably categorised into four themes: i) being told ‘the bad news’ that you have a serious/life threatening-illness (6.9%), ii) suffering from a serious or life-threatening illness (34.5%), iii) death and dying due to illness (22.4%) and iv) impact of own death or serious illness on loved ones (36.2%). Participants reported responding to experiencing intrusive images by engaging in avoidance, checking, reassurance seeking, distraction and rumination. Potential treatment implications and links to maintenance cycles are considered. 相似文献
208.
Michael Harvey Nancy K. Napier Miriam Moeller Laura A. Williams 《Journal of applied social psychology》2010,40(1):212-240
This paper explores the dimensions and means to implement a global dual-career expatriate couple mentoring program. The rationale is that learning from an experienced mentor mitigates the complexity of global assignments, leading to more successful completion of overseas assignments. We explored the impact of such mentoring programs on "nontraditional" global managers, along with their trailing spouses. Social learning theory was used as the foundation for the development of such a mentoring program. To add to the contextual understanding of global assignments imposed on global dual-career couples, we explored the effectiveness of mentoring by investigating temporal (before, during, after expatriation) and gender-related dimensions. Further, we analyzed the level of mentor involvement (personal, organizational, and professional) regarding psychosocial and career development. 相似文献
209.
J. Robert G. Williams 《No?s (Detroit, Mich.)》2010,44(4):650-668
Lewis (1973) gave a short argument against conditional excluded middle, based on his treatment of ‘might’ counterfactuals. Bennett (2003) , with much of the recent literature, gives an alternative take on ‘might’ counterfactuals. But Bennett claims the might‐argument against CEM still goes through. This turns on a specific claim I call Bennett’s Hypothesis. I argue that independently of issues to do with the proper analysis of might‐counterfactuals, Bennett’s Hypothesis is inconsistent with CEM. But Bennett’s Hypothesis is independently objectionable, so we should resolve this tension by dropping the Hypothesis, not by dropping CEM. 相似文献
210.
Ryan Williams LaMothe 《Pastoral Psychology》2010,59(5):617-630
In this article, I unmoor the concept of heresy from its religious, technical roots, using the metaphor heresies of the heart
to depict the psychological and theological dynamics of the human proclivity to rely on the idea of Truth to alienate, depersonalize,
and coerce other human beings. Using the concepts of the personal mode of existence and emotional intelligence, I define heresies
of the heart as comprising (a) those emotional attitudes that involve the transformation of insecurity and anxiety into hostility
and hatred toward the Other, (b) recognition and treatment of the Other as less than a person, and (c) unquestionable beliefs
regarding one’s truth and the certainty of one’s innocence. Theologically, heresies of the heart signify the presence of idolatry,
which is a type of bad faith that involves the use of a contingent object to contain anxiety by transforming it into hostility
toward the Other. 相似文献