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961.
The term dual use technologies refers to research and technology with the potential both to yield valuable scientific knowledge
and to be used for nefarious purposes with serious consequences for public health or the environment. There are two main approaches
to assessing dual use technologies: pragmatic and metaphysical. A pragmatic approach relies on ethical principles and norms
to generate specific guidance and policy for dual use technologies. A metaphysical approach exhorts us to the deeper study
of human nature, our intentions, goals, values ideals and social relations when considering dual use technology. Use of science
and technology (S and T) is determined by two components of human nature: human intentions and choices. We have drawn a distinction
between specific measures, goals and intentions with respect to technologies in order to show that moral judgment about technologies
must precede their use. Understanding of our intentionality and values, and our moral ideals, as a measurable, tangible part
of the real world is important for the prevention of any possible harm from S and T. In the context of dual use technologies,
we stress the importance of three main understandings of human nature: vulnerability, responsibility and narrative identity.
These can become a strong ontological “antidote” to technology’s poisoning of modern man. Each new technology can be measured
and compared with man’s values, traditions and societal norms. This can be done bearing in mind the concept that human nature
is not dualistic, but pluralistic. A system of ethical principles that includes the principles of good intentions, the correspondence
of goals and means, the balancing of risks and benefits, simplicity, and contextuality, will help ensure that technologies
are more humanistic and friendly to human beings. 相似文献
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Two experiments examined the effects of word familiarity on word recognition and text comprehension during silent reading. Readers' eye movements were monitored as they read sentences containing words that varied in familiarity as assessed by printed estimates of word frequency, subjective ratings of familiarity, and a multiple‐choice test of meaning knowledge. Effects of word frequency were unaffected by differences in subjective familiarity rating for high frequency words. Differential effects of familiarity rating were observed in low frequency conditions. In addition, processing time on high and low frequency words did not differ when familiarity was held constant for moderately familiar words. Readers spent more initial processing time on novel words than familiar words. Performance on a vocabulary test administered after the reading session demonstrated that readers successfully acquired and retained new word meanings. Finally, reanalysis of word processing time as a function of vocabulary test performance demonstrated a systematic relationship between online processing patterns and memory for novel word meaning. 相似文献
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Paul Williams 《Psychoanalytic Dialogues》2013,23(3):401-409
Riccardo Lombardi's paper is considered from a British (Independent) object relations perspective. Although the paper deals with the experience of shame and its relationship to fantasies about sex and death and how these are experienced (including in the body), shame is also a profoundly object related mental state, perhaps one of the most damaging when suffered in infancy, leading to reflexive functioning. The nature of shame is touched upon and its impact on personality development, and how this is handled in the transference and countertransference by Riccardo Lombardi with his particular patient. Although the patient's struggle to own his own hate is Lombardi's principal focus in the clinical account, this author suggests that Lombardi was attuned primarily to the patient's developmental failings due to the impact of shame and, by working primarily in the countertransference, was able to facilitate growth of certain personality functions for the first time. 相似文献