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961.
William S. Helton Lena Weil Annette Middlemiss Andrew Sawers 《Consciousness and cognition》2010,19(1):77-85
The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) is a Go–No-Go signal detection task developed to measure lapses of sustained conscious attention. In this study, we examined the impact global interference and spatial uncertainty has on SART performance. Ten participants performed either a SART (high-Go) or a traditionally formatted (low-Go) version of a global–local stimuli detection task with spatially certain and uncertain signals. Reaction time in the SART was insensitive to global interference and spatial uncertainty, whereas reaction time in the low-Go task was sensitive. Spatial uncertainty increased errors of omission in the SART, which was not expected if the SART measures mindlessness. There was a high correlation between participants’ errors of commission rate and their reaction time in the SART. The results, overall, support the view that the SART is a better measure of response strategy than lapses in sustained attention or mindlessness. 相似文献
962.
Previous research has demonstrated that Numbered Heads Together, a cooperative learning strategy, is more effective than traditional
teacher-led instruction in academic areas such as social studies and science. The current study compared the effects of two
types of Numbered Heads Together strategies with a baseline condition during 7th grade language arts lessons. Results indicated
that three students with various disabilities had higher percent intervals of on-task behavior and daily quiz scores during
either Heads Together condition. Teacher satisfaction ratings suggested that Heads Together was easy to implement, and all
three students preferred this strategy to baseline instruction. A discussion of study limitations, implications, and future
research directions is included. 相似文献
963.
Kelly Pelletier Bethany McNamara Paula Braga‐Kenyon William H. Ahearn 《Behavioral Interventions》2010,25(4):261-274
A video self‐monitoring treatment package was used to evaluate the procedural integrity of staff implementing behavioral guidelines for one child with autism. Staff members with low procedural integrity scores were asked to participate. The treatment package incorporated an implementation video which reviewed the relevant behavioral guidelines and a procedural integrity monitoring system. Each participant was taught to score a pre‐training video, which highlighted components of implementing behavioral guidelines, with a procedural integrity tool denoting correct implementation of the procedures. The participant then scored their own baseline video using a similar tool constructed to highlight the target student's behavior plan. Participant scores were compared to experimenter scores and verbal feedback was given by the experimenter if the scores varied. Results showed increased procedural integrity implementing the behavior guidelines from baseline to 100% implementation for two out of three participants. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
964.
965.
Accumulating evidence on the nature, function and acquisition of relational knowledge indicates a crucial role of such knowledge in higher cognitive processes. In this review, we specify the essential properties of relational knowledge, together with the role it plays in reasoning, categorisation, planning, quantification and language. Furthermore, we discuss the processes involved in its acquisition and how these processes have been implemented in contemporary neural network models. We present evidence demonstrating that relational knowledge integrates heuristic and analytic cognition, is important for symbolic processes and the creation of novelty, activates specific regions of the prefrontal cortex, and is the most recently evolved and slowest-developing cognitive process. Arguably, relational knowledge represents the core of higher cognition. 相似文献
966.
967.
The aim of this study is to examine existing research on social cognitive factors that may, in part, mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and coronary heart disease (CHD). We focus on how social status is 'carried' in the mental systems of individuals, and how these systems differentially affect CHD risk and associated behaviors. To this end, literatures documenting the association of various social cognitive factors (e.g., social comparison, perceived discrimination, and self-efficacy) with cardiovascular disease are reviewed as are literatures regarding the relationship of these factors to SES. Possible mechanisms through which social cognitions may affect health are addressed. In addition, directions for future research are discussed, and a model identifying the possible associations between social cognitive factors, SES, and coronary disease is provided. 相似文献
968.
Irene Reppa Daryl Fougnie William C. Schmidt 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(4):912-925
Previous evidence suggests that attention can operate on object-based representations. It is not known whether these representations encode depth information and whether object depth, if encoded, is in viewer- or objectcentered coordinates. To examine these questions, we employed a spatial cuing paradigm in which one corner of a 3-D object was exogenously cued with 75% validity. By rotating the object in depth, we can determine whether validity effects are modulated by 2-D or 3-D cue-target distance and whether validity effects depend on the position of the viewer relative to the object. When the image of a 3-D object was present (Experiments 1A and 1B), validity effects were not modulated by changes in 2-D cue-target distance, and shifting attention toward the viewer led to smaller validity effects than did shifting attention away from the viewer. When there was no object in the display (Experiments 2A and 2B), validity effects increased linearly as a function of 2-D cue-target distance. These results demonstrate that attention spreads across representations of perceived objects that encode depth information and that the object’s orientation in depth is encoded in viewer-centered coordinates. 相似文献
969.
Joseph C. Rode Christine H. Mooney Marne L. Arthaud-day Janet P. Near Robert S. Rubin Timothy T. Baldwin William H. Bommer 《Intelligence》2008,36(4):350-366
We examined the structural, discriminant, nomological, and incremental predictive validity of a behavioral measure of emotional intelligence, using data from two undergraduate student samples. Covariance structure modeling indicated that the eight subscales of the MSCEIT© V2.0 were best modeled with a solution consisting of three first-order factors, and supported the existence of one higher-order factor of overall emotional intelligence. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the higher-order factor had discriminant validity from personality and conformity. Contrary to prediction, the higher-order factor was more highly correlated to social desirability than to general mental ability or long term affect. Finally, hierarchical regression results indicated that overall emotional intelligence did not predict incremental variance in either GPA or life satisfaction. 相似文献
970.
William Craig 《Synthese》2008,164(3):321-332
A common aim of elimination problems for languages of logic is to express the entire content of a set of formulas of the language,
or a certain part of it, in a way that is more elementary or more informative. We want to bring out that as the languages
for logic grew in expressive power and, at the same time, our knowledge of their expressive limitations also grew, elimination
problems in logic underwent some change. For languages other than that for monadic second-order logic, there remain important
open problems. 相似文献