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151.
Declining marginal utility (DMU) describes the reduced value that additional units of money or consumer goods have in comparison
to units acquired earlier. We extend this idea to social resources and activities such as socializing time, free time, and
number of children, suggesting that most resources will show DMU as the person experiences more of them. In Study 1, participants
reported how many years of adult life they would sacrifice to have increasingly more of each resource or activity. Income
showed declining marginal utility, but other goods showed an ideal-level pattern in which they were valued less after an optimal amount. In Phase 2 of Study 1, we assessed the mix of activities people most prefer. Participants rated
the desirability of various combinations of time spent in different activities. Spending all of one’s free time in a pleasant
activity was not as desirable as spending some of the time in other desirable, but less enjoyable, activities. In Study 2,
we used a representative sample of the world to assess people’s affect balance (positive minus negative moods) on the previous
day, along with how much time they spent in activities such as socializing with family and friends. The most popular activity
was socializing with family and friends, but even here there was DMU for more hours of this behavior. We also analyzed several
forms of well-being in reference to household income. Income showed a clear DMU pattern using daily moods as the outcome,
as well as for life evaluations and satisfaction with standard of living. The results of the two studies explain why people
do not pursue happiness by spending all of their time in the most pleasant activities, such as socializing, but instead choose
a mixture of activities. A desire for balance in human activities and resources has important implications for the structure
of the workplace, leisure time, work hours, and other important domains of life. 相似文献
152.
One of the greatest strengths and liabilities of the career field is its diversity. This diversity allows for wide coverage of relevant career dynamics across the lifespan and across levels of analysis. However, this diversity also reflects fragmentation, with career scholars failing to appreciate how the insights from other thought worlds can advance their own work. Using advanced bibliometric mapping techniques, we provide a systematic review of the 3141 articles on careers published in the management literature between 1990 and 2012. In doing so, we (1) map key terms to create a systematic taxonomy of career studies within the field of management studies, (2) provide a synthetic overview of each topic cluster which extends prior reviews of more limited scope, and (3) identify the most highly influential studies on careers within each cluster. Specifically, six local clusters emerged — i.e., international careers, career management, career choice, career adaptation, individual and relational career success, and life opportunities. To classify a broad range of research opportunities for career scholars, we also create a “global” map of 16,146 career articles from across the social sciences. Specifically, six global clusters emerged — i.e., organizational, individual, education, doctorate careers, high-profile careers, and social policy. We describe and compare the clusters in the map with an emphasis on those avenues career scholars in management have yet to explore. 相似文献
153.
Kyle J.A. Small 《Teaching Theology & Religion》2014,17(4):397-399
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155.
Will D. Spaulding 《Journal of constructivist psychology》2013,26(3):172-180
In his 2010 book Being Human: Human Being, Rue Cromwell developed some key ideas for reforming psychology. These include resolving the conundrum of subject, object, and consciousness in science; sorting through the tangles of meaning in superficially similar but fundamentally different epistemologies; and reversing conflation of cultural, social, and economic values with those of science. This discussion applies those ideas to some particulars of clinical psychology, psychopathology and the treatment and rehabilitation of severe and disabling mental illness. 相似文献
156.
Atheists have long been distrusted, in part because they do not believe that a watchful, judging god monitors their behavior. However, in many parts of the world, secular institutions such as police, judges, and courts are also potent sources of social monitoring that encourage prosocial behavior. Reminders of such secular authority could therefore reduce believers' distrust of atheists. In our experiments, participants who watched a video about police effectiveness (Experiment 1) or were subtly primed with secular-authority concepts (Experiments 2-3) expressed less distrust of atheists than did participants who watched a control video or were not primed, respectively. We tested three distinct alternative explanations for these findings. Compared with control participants, participants primed with secular-authority concepts did not exhibit reduced general prejudice against out-groups (Experiment 1), prejudice reactions associated with functional threats that particular out-groups are perceived to pose (specifically, viewing gays with disgust; Experiment 2), or general distrust of out-groups (Experiment 3). These findings contribute to theory regarding both the psychological bases of prejudices and the psychological functions served by gods and governments. 相似文献
157.
Callan MJ Ellard JH Will Shead N Hodgins DC 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2008,34(11):1514-1529
The present article explores the hypothesis that gambling might serve a justice-seeking function for some people, as gambling might offer a means to pursuing desirable outcomes that people feel they deserve but might be unable or unwilling to attain through conventional means. In Study 1, across two separate samples, self-reports of personal relative deprivation predict problem gambling and gambling urges over and above relevant control variables. In Study 2, the authors manipulate personal relative deprivation by informing participants that they have either less or more discretionary income than "similar others." They then give participants $20 and the opportunity to gamble. The results show that a greater percentage of participants who are "relatively deprived" (vs. "not relatively deprived") opt to gamble. Two manipulation validation studies demonstrate that the "relatively deprived" participants are preoccupied with justice during a modified Stroop task and feel resentful. Implications for understanding why people gamble are discussed. 相似文献
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160.
Mark R. Dixon James W. Jackson Stacey L. Small Mollie J. Horner‐King Nicholas Mui Ker Lik Yors Garcia Rocio Rosales 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(2):277-293
Over 10 years have passed since the publication of Carr and Burkholder's (1998) technical article on how to construct single‐subject graphs using Microsoft Excel. Over the course of the past decade, the Excel program has undergone a series of revisions that make the Carr and Burkholder paper somewhat difficult to follow with newer versions. The present article provides task analyses for constructing various types of commonly used single‐subject design graphs in Microsoft Excel 2007. The task analyses were evaluated using a between‐subjects design that compared the graphing skills of 22 behavior‐analytic graduate students using Excel 2007 and either the Carr and Burkholder or newly developed task analyses. Results indicate that the new task analyses yielded more accurate and faster graph construction than the Carr and Burkholder instructions. 相似文献