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121.
Mary Wilkinson 《Journal of Family Therapy》1992,14(2):193-205
This paper considers what a systemic understanding of empathy might be in the context of recent developments in systemic approaches. Clinical work is the basis for an exploration of which systemic ideas might be useful in thinking about 'systemic empathy'. The question of whether empathy is inherent in the systemic approach is considered. 相似文献
122.
123.
124.
Blair CA Wilkinson A Hall G 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2004,30(4):317-324
Rats received exposure to 3 flavor compounds, AX and BX, presented in alternation, and CX, presented on a separate block of trials. The hypothesis that this treatment would leave B effectively more salient than C was tested in 3 ways. Experiment 1 showed that the unconditioned response evoked by B was stronger than that evoked by C. Experiment 2 showed that B was more effective than C when used as a reinforcer in a sensory preconditioning procedure. Experiment 3 showed that B was learned about more readily than C as a conditioned stimulus in flavor aversion conditioning. Alternating preexposure to 2 similar stimuli may protect their distinctive features from the loss of salience normally produced by nonreinforced exposure to a stimulus. 相似文献
125.
Heterospecific cues, such as gaze direction and body position, may be an important source of information that an animal can
use to infer the location of resources like food. The use of heterospecific cues has been largely investigated using primates,
dogs, and other mammals; less is known about whether birds can also use heterospecific gestures. We tested six Clark’s nutcrackers
in a two-way object-choice task using touch, point, and gaze cues to investigate whether these birds can use human gestures
to find food. Most of the birds were able to use a touch gesture during the first trial of testing and were able to learn
to use point and gaze (eyes and head alternation) cues after a limited number of trials. This study is the first to test a
non-social corvid on the object-choice task. The performance of non-social nutcrackers is similar to that of more social and
related corvids, suggesting that species with different evolutionary histories can utilize gestural information. 相似文献
126.
Mueller-Paul J Wilkinson A Hall G Huber L 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2012,126(3):305-317
The radial-arm maze is an established method for testing an animal's spatial win-shift behavior. Research on mammals, birds, and fish has shown that the mastery of this task is commonly mediated, to different degrees, by two types of strategy: those based on external cues and those based on response stereotypy. In the present study we trained four red-footed tortoises (Geochelone carbonaria) to navigate an eight-arm radial maze while providing different levels of access to visual room cues. The results indicate that response stereotypy is the more prevalent mechanism in these tortoises, although navigation based on landmarks can also occur if learned initially. The findings suggest that tortoise spatial navigation may be more similar to that observed in mammals and birds than previously thought. 相似文献
127.
BJ Sagarin DV Becker RE Guadagno WW Wilkinson LD Nicastle 《Evolutionary psychology》2012,10(3):487-503
Although heterosexual women and men consistently demonstrate sex differences in jealousy, these differences disappear among lesbians and gay men as well as among heterosexual women and men contemplating same-sex infidelities (infidelities in which the partner and rival are the same sex). Synthesizing these past findings, the present paper offers a reproductive threat-based model of evolved sex differences in jealousy that predicts that the sexes will differ only when the jealous perceivers' reproductive outcomes are differentially at risk. This model is supported by data from a web-based study in which lesbians, gay men, bisexual women and men, and heterosexual women and men responded to a hypothetical infidelity scenario with the sex of the rival randomly determined. After reading the scenario, participants indicated which type of infidelity (sexual versus emotional) would cause greater distress. Consistent with predictions, heterosexual women and men showed a sex difference when contemplating opposite-sex infidelities but not when contemplating same-sex infidelities, whereas lesbians and gay men showed no sex difference regardless of whether the infidelity was opposite-sex or same-sex. 相似文献
128.
Anna V. Wilkinson Charles J. Holahan Elizabeth W. Drane-Edmundson 《Psychology & health》2013,28(6):697-709
This study integrates aspects of cognitive and social contextual approaches to understanding the practice of safer sex. Study participants were 398 unmarried college students attending one of two institutions of higher education in Texas. As predicted, individuals who perceived more cooperation from their sexual partner to practice safer sex were significantly more likely to do so than those who saw their partners as uncooperative. Especially important, as predicted, partner cooperation also moderated the relationship between cognitive and behavioral predictors and safer sex. These moderation findings demonstrate that partner cooperation limits the range of operation of psychological factors that have been shown in previous research to play a significant role in deciding to practice safer sex. 相似文献
129.
Measuring the fracture properties of single grain boundaries has until now required macroscopic bi-crystals which are expensive and not always available. We describe a method for fracture testing using micro-cantilevers, manufactured using focussed ion beam machining and tested using a nanoindenter. We have used the method to measure the fracture toughness of selected grain boundaries in bismuth-embrittled copper. This technique is applicable to grain boundaries in other brittle polycrystalline samples for which large bi-crystals cannot be produced for conventional testing. 相似文献
130.
To recognize that a picture is a representation of a real-life object is a cognitively demanding task. It requires an organism to mentally represent the concrete object (the picture) and abstract its relation to the item that it represents. This form of representational insight has been shown in a small number of mammal and bird species. However, it has not previously been studied in reptiles. This study examined picture–object recognition in the red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria). In Experiment 1, five red-footed tortoises were trained to distinguish between food and non-food objects using a two-alternative forced choice procedure. After reaching criterion, they were presented with test trials in which the real objects were replaced with color photographs of those objects. There was no difference in performance between training and test trials, suggesting that the tortoises did see some correspondence between the real object and its photographic representation. Experiment 2 examined the nature of this correspondence by presenting the tortoises with a choice between the real food object and a photograph of it. The findings revealed that the tortoises confused the photograph with the real-life object. This suggests that they process real items and photographic representations of these items in the same way and, in this context, do not exhibit representational insight. 相似文献