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31.
Dominic Wilkinson 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2009,30(6):401-410
Predictions of poor prognosis for critically ill patients may become self-fulfilling if life-sustaining treatment or resuscitation
is subsequently withheld on the basis of that prediction. This paper outlines the epistemic and normative problems raised
by self-fulfilling prophecies (SFPs) in intensive care. Where predictions affect outcome, it can be extremely difficult to
ascertain the mortality rate for patients if all treatment were provided. SFPs may lead to an increase in mortality for cohorts
of patients predicted to have poor prognosis, they may lead doctors to feel causally responsible for the deaths of their patients,
and they may compromise honest communication with patients and families about prognosis. However, I argue that the self-fulfilling
prophecy is inevitable when life-sustaining treatment is withheld or withdrawn in the face of uncertainty. SFPs do not necessarily
make treatment limitation decisions problematic. To minimize the effects of SFPs, it is essential to carefully collect and
appraise evidence about prognosis. Doctors need to be honest with themselves and with patients and their families about uncertainty
and the limits of knowledge. 相似文献
32.
Patrick Johnson MS William K. Wilkinson EdD Keith McNeil PhD 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1995,17(2):249-264
The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of parental divorce on young adult development. One hundred twenty-five participants provided demographic information and completed the PAFS-Q (college version) and the conflict subscale of the Family Environment Scale. Results indicate that parental divorce and family conflict significantly affect developmental task attainment. The interactions between sex and age and family structure (i.e., single-parent or stepfamily) were also significant predictors of post-divorce task attainment. Implications of these results for therapists as well as recommendations for future research are provided.This is a revised version of a paper presented at the annual conference of the American Psychological Association, Los Angles, California, August 1994. 相似文献
33.
The current study was conducted to determine the potential relationship between stress-induced corticosterone secretion and corticosteroid receptor mRNA levels after 5 days of intermittent stress. In particular, we were interested in the rate at which animals terminate a stress response, and how this termination may be altered by repeated stress. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either 5 days of restraint stress or 5 days of an unpredictable stress paradigm. Restraint-stress induced corticosterone secretion was measured on Days 1 and 5 in both groups, and animals were killed on Day 6. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mineralocorticoid (MR) mRNA levels were determined using in-situ hybridization techniques. Five days of restraint stress caused an habituation of the plasma corticosterone response to stress measured 60 and 90 min post-stress initiation; this pattern of corticosterone secretion was not observed in the animals subjected to unpredictable stress. Five days of either stress paradigm did not alter MR mRNA levels measured within the hippocampus or GR mRNA levels within the hippocampus or the medial parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (mpPVN). However, an individual's GR mRNA levels measured within the CA1/2 region of the hippocampus and the mpPVN were significantly correlated with the degree of habituation of the corticosterone response to stress measured on Day 5. This suggests that an increase in the rate of termination of the stress response and levels of GR within the hippocampus and mpPVN may be functionally related. 相似文献
34.
A Markovian model of repeated recall is presented that is based on four memory processes: (a) a presentation increment that strengthens the memory trace of a word when the word is shown to a subject, (b) a recall increment that strengthens the trace when the subject successfully recalls the word, (c) a cueing decrement that weakens the trace as contextual cues for retrieving a word change over successive trials of attempted recall, and (d) a sampling rule that translates the strength of a memory trace into a probability of recall. Mathematically, the model predicts the relative frequencies of the recall patterns that are defined by sequences of recalls and forgets for individual words over trials. According to the model, the recallability of a word depends on its state, which is a function of (a) whether the word has been recalled for the first time, and if so, then (b) how many consecutive forgets of the word immediately precede the current trial, (c) how many successful recalls of the word have accumulated, and (d) how many previous trials of attempted recall have elapsed. Paradigms that were well described by the model were (a) no reminding, in which words were presented once and then recalled repeatedly without additional presentations; (b) restricted reminding, in which words were presented before each trial of attempted recall up to their first successful recall but not thereafter; and (c) complete reminding, in which all words were presented befor each attempted recall, whether previously recalled or not. Differences in recall among these conditions were explained in terms of differences in values of the model's parameters. 相似文献
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37.
A small unprepared simple reaction time (RT) system is described in which the visual stimuli are presented at quasi-random intervals of 3–13 sec. The device is battery-portable for administration in the field and for immediate presentation of mean RT and standard deviation after the test. These data plus all individual RTs are stored in digital memory for printout or further analysis in the laboratory. Up to 24 10-min tests may be accumulated in memory. 相似文献
38.
Olivia Wilkinson 《Journal of Contemporary Religion》2018,33(2):193-208
The international humanitarian system aims to save lives and alleviate suffering following disasters worldwide. Secular and faith-based actors make up the system, but the system can operate to a secular standard that may, some have argued, marginalise religious experience and well-being post-disaster. This article assesses what can be learned from examining secular humanitarianism from a postsecular perspective. Debate on secularity in the humanitarian system is reviewed, before Jürgen Habermas’s conception of the postsecular is proposed as a theoretical lens. Habermasian postsecularism invites the secular to take part in a process of ‘complementary learning’ with the religious. Results from interviews and focus groups in the Philippines following Typhoon Haiyan are used. Results show the reflexivity of secular individuals within the humanitarian system, with cases demonstrating co-operation and consideration of other views at the interpersonal level. Yet, at a system-wide level, instances of marginalisation of religion were noted, such as responses to requests for chapel reconstruction and psycho-social assistance. While some organisations made a contextualised decision that either maintained their strict secularity or negotiated a compromise, in other cases, these decisions were based on preconceptions rather than deliberation. Overall, a level of reflexivity required in Habermasian postsecularism was found, but there were also further opportunities for complementary learning. 相似文献
39.
The mechanisms underlying tracking and capture of moving objects in non-human animals are poorly understood. This set of experiments
sought to further explore aspects of anticipatory tracking in pigeons and to conduct comparisons with human participants.
In Experiment 1a, pigeons were presented with two types of varying velocities (fast-slow-fast or slow-fast-slow) in separate
phases. They were readily able to track and anticipate both of these motion types. To examine the effects of predictability
on anticipatory tracking, Experiment 1b presented the pigeons with the same two varying velocities randomly intermixed within
a session. This resulted in reduced capture success, later capture, and errors that no longer anticipated ahead of the motion,
suggesting that the anticipatory mechanism had been disrupted. This implies that the mechanisms involved in pigeon tracking
are different from the predictive extrapolation mechanism proposed in humans. Experiment 2 tested this by presenting adult
humans with a tracking task that was similar to tasks previously received by the pigeons. The capture behavior of humans was
similar to the pigeons, but the errors revealed different processes underlying their tracking behavior. 相似文献
40.