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111.
Margaret Semrud-Clikeman Jenifer Walkowiak Alison Wilkinson Elizabeth Portman Minne 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(4):509-519
Understanding social interactions is crucial for development of social competence. The present study was one of the first
to utilize direct and indirect measures of social perception to explore possible differences among children with nonverbal
learning disability (NLD), Asperger’s Syndrome (AS), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Combined (ADHD-C), Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Predominately Inattentive (ADHD-PI), and controls (N = 342). Multiple informants provided ratings of the child’s behavioral and social functioning. Results indicated that the
NLD and AS groups experienced the most difficulty understanding emotional and nonverbal cues on the direct measure. In addition,
children with AS or NLD showed significant signs of sadness and social withdrawal compared to the other groups. Attentional
skills, while related to social perception, did not predict social perception difficulties to the same degree as number of
AS symptoms. 相似文献
112.
Social power affects the manner in which people view themselves and act toward others, a finding that has attracted broad
interest from the social and political sciences. However, there has been little interest from those within cognitive neuroscience.
Here, we demonstrate that the effects of power extend beyond social interaction and invoke elementary spatial biases in behavior
consistent with preferential hemispheric activation. In particular, participants who felt relatively powerless, compared with
those who felt more powerful, were more likely to bisect horizontal lines to the left of center, and bump into the right-hand
(as opposed to the left-hand) side when walking through a narrow passage. These results suggest that power induces hemispheric
differences in visuomotor behavior, indicating that this ubiquitous phenomenon affects not only how we interact with one another,
but also how we interact with the physical world. 相似文献
113.
114.
W K Wilkinson 《Adolescence》1989,24(93):53-57
Since few investigations have addressed adolescents' conception of knowledge, a rationale is provided as to why it may be useful to more adequately explore how adolescents view knowledge. The few investigations which have explored these conceptions are reviewed, and three general approaches to the study of the subject are developed and briefly discussed. 相似文献
115.
116.
R. T. Wilkinson 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1990,42(2):401-423
In choice serial reaction time (RT), Response-to-next-Stimulus Interval (RSI) was varied from 0 to 600 msec in 40-msec steps. In three experiments, RT fell and errors rose as RSI was increased to 480 msec; they remained unchanged thereafter. The effect of RSI on RT was not linear, was reduced by 6- as compared with 4- or 3-choice responding, and was unaffected by sleep deprivation, despite loss of sleep reducing RT overall. The effect of penultimate RSI on RT was similar to that current RSI, but smaller. Two explanations of RSI—response-generated kinaesthetic feedback blocking a “central processor” and a preparatory interval as in warned simple RT—are rejected. Instead, the idea of “relative refractory state” is revived but now, because of the RSI/error finding, biased more towards responding than stimulus reception and encoding. In all three experiments the influence of RSI on RT was reduced with practice. If practice encourages automatic rather than controlled processing (Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977), the prediction is that the former will show less refractoriness. 相似文献
117.
Meredith R. Wilkinson Linden J. Ball David Alford 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2015,11(1):22-30
We report a study that examined the modulating impact of
contingent self-esteem on regret intensity for regretted
outcomes associated with controllable versus uncontrollable events. The
Contingent Self-Esteem Scale (e.g., Kernis &
Goldman, 2006) was used to assess the extent to which a person’s
sense of self-worth is based on self and others’ expectations. We found that
there was an influence of self-esteem contingency for controllable but not for
uncontrollable regret types. For controllable regret types individuals with a
high contingent (i.e., unstable) self-esteem reported greater regret intensity
than those with a low contingent (i.e., stable) self-esteem. We interpret this
finding as reflecting a functional and adaptive role of high contingent
self-esteem in terms of mobilizing the application of counterfactual reasoning
and planning mechanisms that can enable personal expectations to be achieved in
the future. 相似文献
118.
Heterospecific cues, such as gaze direction and body position, may be an important source of information that an animal can
use to infer the location of resources like food. The use of heterospecific cues has been largely investigated using primates,
dogs, and other mammals; less is known about whether birds can also use heterospecific gestures. We tested six Clark’s nutcrackers
in a two-way object-choice task using touch, point, and gaze cues to investigate whether these birds can use human gestures
to find food. Most of the birds were able to use a touch gesture during the first trial of testing and were able to learn
to use point and gaze (eyes and head alternation) cues after a limited number of trials. This study is the first to test a
non-social corvid on the object-choice task. The performance of non-social nutcrackers is similar to that of more social and
related corvids, suggesting that species with different evolutionary histories can utilize gestural information. 相似文献
119.
Mueller-Paul J Wilkinson A Hall G Huber L 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2012,126(3):305-317
The radial-arm maze is an established method for testing an animal's spatial win-shift behavior. Research on mammals, birds, and fish has shown that the mastery of this task is commonly mediated, to different degrees, by two types of strategy: those based on external cues and those based on response stereotypy. In the present study we trained four red-footed tortoises (Geochelone carbonaria) to navigate an eight-arm radial maze while providing different levels of access to visual room cues. The results indicate that response stereotypy is the more prevalent mechanism in these tortoises, although navigation based on landmarks can also occur if learned initially. The findings suggest that tortoise spatial navigation may be more similar to that observed in mammals and birds than previously thought. 相似文献
120.
BJ Sagarin DV Becker RE Guadagno WW Wilkinson LD Nicastle 《Evolutionary psychology》2012,10(3):487-503
Although heterosexual women and men consistently demonstrate sex differences in jealousy, these differences disappear among lesbians and gay men as well as among heterosexual women and men contemplating same-sex infidelities (infidelities in which the partner and rival are the same sex). Synthesizing these past findings, the present paper offers a reproductive threat-based model of evolved sex differences in jealousy that predicts that the sexes will differ only when the jealous perceivers' reproductive outcomes are differentially at risk. This model is supported by data from a web-based study in which lesbians, gay men, bisexual women and men, and heterosexual women and men responded to a hypothetical infidelity scenario with the sex of the rival randomly determined. After reading the scenario, participants indicated which type of infidelity (sexual versus emotional) would cause greater distress. Consistent with predictions, heterosexual women and men showed a sex difference when contemplating opposite-sex infidelities but not when contemplating same-sex infidelities, whereas lesbians and gay men showed no sex difference regardless of whether the infidelity was opposite-sex or same-sex. 相似文献