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81.
Despite the importance of face recognition in everyday life and frequent complaints about its failure, there is no comprehensive test battery for this ability. As a first step in constructing such a battery, we present 18 tasks aimed at measuring face perception, face learning, face recognition, and the recognition of facially expressed emotions. A sample of 153 healthy young adults completed all tasks. In general, reaction time measures showed high estimates of internal consistency; tasks focused on performance accuracy yielded reliabilities that were somewhat lower, yet high enough to support their use in a battery of face cognition measures. Some of the tasks allowed computation of established experimental effects in a within-subjects design, such as the part-whole effect. Most of these experimental effects were confirmed in our large sample, and valuable effect size estimates were obtained. However, in many cases these difference measures showed poor estimates of internal consistency. 相似文献
82.
The authors used a frequency sampling paradigm to investigate how perceptions of a minority group's size and influence are affected by the manner in which the subgroup structure of the minority is presented. Participants in two experiments read sequentially sampled opinions that hypothetical members of a committee supposedly held about a controversial proposal. The minority members holding "against" opinions were described as belonging either to one homogenous group (the single-entity condition) or to one of three subgroups (the multiple-subgroups condition). Although the numbers of "for" and "against" opinions were held constant, predictable biases emerged in participants' frequency reports. Consistent with an information loss account, the minority was viewed as larger in the multiple-subgroups condition than in the single-entity condition. The manipulation also affected the perceived social influence of the minority on the committee's final decision about the proposal. 相似文献
83.
Hofmann W Gschwendner T Friese M Wiers RW Schmitt M 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2008,95(4):962-977
In the present research, the authors investigated how individual differences in working memory capacity moderate the relative influence of automatic versus controlled precursors on self-regulatory behavior. In 2 studies, on sexual interest behavior (Study 1) and the consumption of tempting food (Study 2), automatic attitudes toward the temptation of interest had a stronger influence on behavior for individuals who scored low rather than high in working memory capacity. Analogous results emerged in Study 3 on anger expression in a provoking situation when a measure of the automatic personality trait of angriness was employed. Conversely, controlled dispositions such as explicit attitudes (Study 1) and self-regulatory goals (Studies 2 and 3) were more effective in guiding behavior for participants who scored high rather than low in working memory capacity. Taken together, these results demonstrate the importance of working memory capacity for everyday self-regulation and suggest an individual differences perspective on dual-process or dual-system theories of human behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
84.
Klaus Fiedler Matthias Bluemke Malte Friese Wilhelm Hofmann 《European journal of social psychology》2003,33(4):441-453
Linguistic abstractness has been shown to mediate persuasive and attributional effects of communication. The linguistic intergroup bias (LIB) refers to the tendency to describe positive ingroup and negative outgroup behaviors more abstractly than negative ingroup and positive outgroup behavior. Recently, the LIB was shown to reflect to a large extent a linguistic expectancy bias (LEB). Abstract language need not have an ingroup‐serving function, but may be used to communicate expected information in a concise and condensed manner. The present research shows that the reverse may also be true. When the interaction goal is not merely to convey information that is shared anyway because it is typical of the communication target but to transmit unshared information (known to the communicator but new to the recipient), then it may be necessary to express (explain, teach, interpret) unexpected ideas or deviant attitudes in abstract, interpretive terms. The joint operation of both principles was demonstrated within the same experimental task. In communications about East Germans, more abstract predicates were used in typically East German domains (LEB). However, more abstract terms were also used when messages deviated from the recipient's prior attitude. A conceptual framework is proposed to integrate these findings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
85.
This waitlist-controlled study evaluated the efficacy of a short version of a group CBT for BED followed by booster sessions after the active treatment phase. Thirty-six females with BED were randomly assigned to CBT (eight weekly sessions during active treatment plus five booster sessions during follow-up) or a waitlist condition. At the end of the active treatment, binge eating was significantly reduced relative to waitlist. Furthermore, at 12-month follow-up short-term CBT produced significant improvements in binge eating symptoms relative to baseline. Findings suggest that the short-term CBT followed by booster sessions may provide a valuable treatment option for patients with BED. 相似文献
86.
Doris Keye Oliver Wilhelm Klaus Oberauer Don van Ravenzwaaij 《Psychological research》2009,73(6):762-776
Conflict and context slow-down have been proposed as indicators of a conflict-monitoring system that initiates cognitive control
to resolve conflicts in information processing. We investigated individual differences in conflict-monitoring and their associations
with working memory (WM) and impulsivity. A total of 150 adults completed a Simon and an Eriksen flanker task, together with
measures of WM and impulsivity. On both tasks, responses were slower and less accurate on incompatible than on compatible
trials (conflict effect), and the conflict effect was larger when the preceding trial was compatible than when it was incompatible
(context effect). Stimulus repetition did not explain the context effect. Individual differences could be attributed to three
separable factors for each task: general speeded performance, conflict effect, and context effect. Evidence for across-task
generality of these factors was sparse. Associations of these factors with impulsivity were weak at best. WM was correlated
with general speed, and also with some but not all factors reflecting conflict-related processes. 相似文献
87.
88.
Participants' self-reports and measures of attitudes regarding flightdeck management indicate that crew resource management training is favorably received and causes highly significant, positive changes in attitudes regarding crew coordination and personal capabilities. However, a subset of participants reacted negatively to the training and showed boomerangs (negative change) in attitudes. Explorations into the causes of this effect pinpoint personality factors and group dynamics as critical determinants of reactions to training and of the magnitude and direction of attitude change. Implications of these findings for organizations desiring to enhance crew effectiveness are discussed, and areas of needed additional research are described. 相似文献
89.
Fifteen autistic and 15 normal Ss were trained to respond to a card containing two visual cues. After this training disctimination was established, the children were tested on the single cues in order to assess whether one or both stimuli had acquired control over their responding. The autistic children (12 of 15) gave evidence for stimulus overselectivity in that they responded correctly to only one of the two component cues. On the other hand, the normal children (12 of 15) showed clear evidence of control by both component cues of the training card. These results were consistent with previous studies, where autistics showed overselectivity when presented with multiple sensory input in several modalities. However, now autistic children appear to have difficulty responding to multiple cues even when both cues are in the same modality. These results were discussed in relation to the experimental literature on selective attention in normally functioning organisms. 相似文献
90.
Conway AR Kane MJ Bunting MF Hambrick DZ Wilhelm O Engle RW 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2005,12(5):769-786
Working memory (WM) span tasks—and in particular, counting span, operation span, and reading span tasks—are widely used measures
of WM capacity. Despite their popularity, however, there has never been a comprehensive analysis of the merits of WM span
tasks as measurement tools. Here, we review the genesis of these tasks and discuss how and why they came to be so influential.
In so doing, we address the reliability and validity of the tasks, and we consider more technical aspects of the tasks, such
as optimal administration and scoring procedures. Finally, we discuss statistical and methodological techniques that have
commonly been used in conjunction with WM span tasks, such as latent variable analysis and extreme-groups designs. 相似文献