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91.
Summary In the present paper I shall first summarize Popper’s criticism of the traditional method of definition, and then go on to comment critically on his own views on the form and function of so-called nominalist definitions. 相似文献
92.
Conway AR Kane MJ Bunting MF Hambrick DZ Wilhelm O Engle RW 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2005,12(5):769-786
Working memory (WM) span tasks—and in particular, counting span, operation span, and reading span tasks—are widely used measures
of WM capacity. Despite their popularity, however, there has never been a comprehensive analysis of the merits of WM span
tasks as measurement tools. Here, we review the genesis of these tasks and discuss how and why they came to be so influential.
In so doing, we address the reliability and validity of the tasks, and we consider more technical aspects of the tasks, such
as optimal administration and scoring procedures. Finally, we discuss statistical and methodological techniques that have
commonly been used in conjunction with WM span tasks, such as latent variable analysis and extreme-groups designs. 相似文献
93.
94.
Wilhelm K. Essler 《Erkenntnis》1996,44(3):257-277
First, the paper argues that Tarski's theory of language levels is best understood not only as a method for avoiding semantic paradoxes by rigidly restricting the expressive power of a language, but as a natural expression of an epistemological process of reflection which is more adequately understood as a process and not by its result. Second, it is argued that the apparent philosophical controversy between materialism and idealism dissolves whithin this process of reflection. If one has raised above the lowest level, one always is a materialist as well as an idealist; however, one is so in relation to different levels.
Herrn Wolfgang Spohn danke ich für eine Reihe von wichtigen Hinweisen und Anregungen zu einer früheren Fassung dieses Aufsatzes. 相似文献
Herrn Wolfgang Spohn danke ich für eine Reihe von wichtigen Hinweisen und Anregungen zu einer früheren Fassung dieses Aufsatzes. 相似文献
95.
96.
van der Meulen JH Gooskens RH Denier van der Gon JJ Gielen CC Wilhelm K 《Journal of motor behavior》1990,22(1):67-84
This study investigated how accuracy is attained in fast goal-directed arm movements. Subjects were instructed to make arm extension movements over three different distances in random order, with and without visual feedback. Target width was varied proportionally with distance. Movement time was kept as short as possible, but there were well-defined limits with respect to accuracy. There appeared to be a large relative variability (variation coefficient [VC]) in the initial acceleration. The VC in the distance the hand moved during the acceleration phase was much smaller. This reduction was accompanied by a strong negative correlation between the initial acceleration and the duration of the acceleration phase. Further, the VC in the total distance moved was less than the VC in the distance moved during acceleration. This result indicates asymmetry between the acceleration and the deceleration phase. This is confirmed by the negative correlation between the distance the hand moved during acceleration and the distance it moved during deceleration. Withdrawal of visual feedback had a significant effect on movement accuracy. No differences were found in the parameters of the acceleration phase in the two feedback conditions, however. our results point to the existence of a powerful variability compensating mechanism within the acceleration phase. This mechanism seems to be independent of visual feedback; this suggests that efferent information (efference copies) and/or proprioceptive information is/are responsible for the timing of agonist and antagonist activation. The asymmetry between the acceleration and deceleration phase contributes to a reduction in the relative variability in the total distance moved. The fact that the withdrawal of visual feedback affected movement variability only during the deceleration phase indicates that visual information is used in the adjustment of antagonist activity. 相似文献
97.
98.
Zusammenfassung Ziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Frage, ob die Wirkungsintensität eines zentralen Stimulans (2-Äthyl-amino-3-phenyl-norcamphan) abhängig ist vom Grad vorgegangener psychischer Beanspruchung.Nach einem Meßwiederholungsplan mit systematischer Permutation der Bedingungen nahm jeder von 16 Probanden an vier Versuchen teil. An einem Versuch wurde Placebo verabreicht, an drei Versuchen 2-Äthyl-amino-3-phenyl-norcamphan. Dabei wurde das Präparat entweder 1 Stunde, 3 oder 5 Stunden nach Beginn des Versuches (Beanspruchung) verabreicht.In mehreren psychologischen Leistungsvariablen und zwei Methoden zur Erfassung von subjektiven Veränderungen wurde untersucht, inwieweit die Hypothese einer Proportionalität zwischen Wirkungsintensität und Grad der Ausgangsermüdung verifiziert ist.Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß in leistungsmäßiger Hinsicht diese Hypothese als falsifiziert anzusehen ist. Lediglich in subjektiv-erlebnismäßiger Hinsicht besteht eine gewisse Proportionalität. 相似文献
99.
Everyday temptations: an experience sampling study of desire, conflict, and self-control 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hofmann W Baumeister RF Förster G Vohs KD 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2012,102(6):1318-1335
How often and how strongly do people experience desires, to what extent do their desires conflict with other goals, and how often and successfully do people exercise self-control to resist their desires? To investigate desire and attempts to control desire in everyday life, we conducted a large-scale experience sampling study based on a conceptual framework integrating desire strength, conflict, resistance (use of self-control), and behavior enactment. A sample of 205 adults wore beepers for a week. They furnished 7,827 reports of desire episodes and completed personality measures of behavioral inhibition system/behavior activation system (BIS/BAS) sensitivity, trait self-control, perfectionism, and narcissistic entitlement. Results suggest that desires are frequent, variable in intensity, and largely unproblematic. Those urges that do conflict with other goals tend to elicit resistance, with uneven success. Desire strength, conflict, resistance, and self-regulatory success were moderated in multiple ways by personality variables as well as by situational and interpersonal factors such as alcohol consumption, the mere presence of others, and the presence of others who already had enacted the desire in question. Whereas personality generally had a stronger impact on the dimensions of desire that emerged early in its course (desire strength and conflict), situational factors showed relatively more influence on components later in the process (resistance and behavior enactment). In total, these findings offer a novel and detailed perspective on the nature of everyday desires and associated self-regulatory successes and failures. 相似文献
100.
Koschate M Hofmann W Schmitt M 《The British journal of social psychology / the British Psychological Society》2012,51(2):290-311
Intergroup contact and group relative deprivation have both been shown to play a key role in the understanding of intergroup relations. Nevertheless, we know little about their causal relationship. In order to shed some light on the directionality and causality of the relationship between intergroup contact and group relative deprivation, we analysed responses by East and West Germans from k= 97 different cities, collected 6 (N(T)(1) = 1,001), 8 (N(T)(2) = 747), and 10 years (N(T)(3) = 565) after reunification. Multi-level cross-lagged analyses showed that group relative deprivation at T1 led to more (rather than less) intergroup contact between East and West Germans 2 years as well as 4 years later. We found no evidence for the reverse causal relationship, or moderation by group membership. Furthermore, admiration mediated the positive effect of relative deprivation on intergroup contact for both East and West Germans. This intriguing finding suggests that intergroup contact may be used as a proactive identity management strategy by members of both minority and majority groups. 相似文献