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21.
Wilfried Hinsch 《Metaphilosophy》2001,32(1&2):58-78
The paper discusses the problem of global distributive justice. It proposes to distinguish between principles for the domestic and for the global or intersocietal distribution of wealth. It is argued that there may be a plurality of partly diverging domestic conceptions of distributive justice, not all of which need to be liberal egalitarian conceptions. It is maintained, however, that principles regulating the intersocietal distribution of wealth have to be egalitarian principles. This claim is defended against Rawls's argument in The Law of Peoples that egalitarian principles of distributive justice should not be applied globally. Moreover, it is explained in detail, why Rawls's "duty of assistance to burdened societies" cannot be an appropriate substitute for a global principle of distributive justice. 相似文献
22.
Standardization processes under the aegis of standards bodies in different geographic domains exhibit similar institutional
features, such as the consensus principle in decision making. Nevertheless, among national and regional standardization systems
there are significant differences that primarily refer to different attitudes that actors in the respective domains hold towards
standardization. Furthermore, these differences in attitude are the result of different cultural, socio-economic and even
mental states. Using an institutional approach, this paper argues that the state of standardization system may serve as an
indicator of the respective overall mental, cultural and social-economic states in different domains.
The authors are indebted to Henk de Vries, Rotterdam School of Management, Netherlands Standardization Institute and Tineke
Egyedi and Koen Dittrich, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments and
suggestions. 相似文献
23.
24.
Wilfried Sieg 《Synthese》1990,84(2):259-297
This is a much expanded version of my essay Relative Konsistenz that was written in German and published in Börger (1987). That collection of papers was dedicated to the memory of Professor Dieter Rödding, my first logic teacher. 相似文献
25.
Edwin Rausch Friedrich Hoeth Wilfried Reisse Isolde Meyer 《Psychological research》1965,28(6):598-615
Zusammenfassung Vierergruppen von Vpn arbeiteten in Kommunikationsnetzen, in denen es infolge des Fehlens einer (direkten oder indirekten) Wechselseitigkeit gewisser Verbindungen einigen Vpn — nämlich denjenigen, die ganz bestimmte (ungünstige) Positionen innerhalb des Netzes einnahmen — verwehrt war, die Lösung eines Problems durch Austausch von Informationen zu finden. Den Vpn-Gruppen wurde diese Eigenschaft der Kommunikationssysteme bei Beginn der Versuche nicht mitgeteilt. In einer derartigen Lage suchen jene Vpn den Grund für den unbefriedigenden Informationsaustausch (zumindest zunächst) nicht in der Struktur des Kommunikationsnetzes, sondern unterstellen den anderen Gruppenmitgliedern mangelnde Loyalität oder/und mangelndes Verständnis. Die Folge sind starke affektive Spannungen, die zur Verschlechterung der Kooperation und zur Verringerung der Gruppenleistung führen. Die kognitive Seite des Erlebens der Vpn wurde u. a. mit Hilfe der Begriffe phänomenale Variabilität und phänomenale Konstanz näher analysiert. 相似文献
26.
Wilfried Kunde Joachim Hoffmann 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》2000,53(2):537-548
In a visual search task, subjects had to decide which of 2 possible target letters was presented among 12 distractor letters. The 13 characters were arranged to form a global Navon-type letter. The global letter and the local letters (target and distractors) were independently presented in four different viewer-related orientations. When the global letter and the target were frequently congruently oriented, the response times increased with growing orientation disparity between them. This global-target congruency effect was independent from target identity (Experiment 1), and it diminished when global and target orientations were not correlated (Experiment 2). The results indicate that the orientation of the global letter can be deliberately used in order to facilitate the processing of congruently oriented local targets. The alignment of a spatial frame of reference is discussed as the most probable process underlying this facilitation. 相似文献
27.
Robert Wirth Anna Foerster Hannah Rendel Wilfried Kunde Roland Pfister 《Cognition & emotion》2018,32(3):480-493
Rule violations have usually been studied from a third-person perspective, identifying situational factors that render violations more or less likely. A first-person perspective of the agent that actively violates the rules, on the other hand, is only just beginning to emerge. Here we show that committing a rule violation sensitises towards subsequent negative stimuli as well as subsequent authority-related stimuli. In a Prime-Probe design, we used an instructed rule-violation task as the Prime and a word categorisation task as the Probe. Also, we employed a control condition that used a rule inversion task as the Prime (instead of rule violations). Probe targets were categorised faster after a violation relative to after a rule-based response if they related to either, negative valence or authority. Inversions, however, primed only negative stimuli and did not accelerate the categorisation of authority-related stimuli. A heightened sensitivity towards authority-related targets thus seems to be specific to rule violations. A control experiment showed that these effects cannot be explained in terms of semantic priming. Therefore, we propose that rule violations necessarily activate authority-related representations that make rule violations qualitatively different from simple rule inversions. 相似文献
28.
Robert Steinhauser Robert Wirth Wilfried Kunde Markus Janczyk Marco Steinhauser 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2018,18(6):1159-1171
In the present study, we considered error-related brain activity in event-related potentials, to investigate the relationship between error monitoring—that is, the detection and evaluation of erroneous responses—and action effect monitoring—that is, monitoring of the sensory consequences of behavior. To this end, participants worked on a task-switching paradigm that consisted of a free-choice task, in which a puzzle piece had to be attached to an existing one (the prime task), and a subsequent color flanker task (the probe task). We examined whether unexpected action effects in the prime task would affect the subsequent error monitoring in the probe task. We found the neural correlates of error monitoring during the probe task, the error-related negativity as well as the error positivity, to be increased after unexpected action effects in the prime task. In contrast, the neural correlates of visual attention were decreased after unexpected action effects, in line with recent findings on an attenuation of sensory processing after errors. Our results demonstrate a direct link between monitoring processes in the two tasks. We propose that both error monitoring and action effect monitoring rely on a common generic monitoring system related to novelty detection or affective processing. Preactivating this system by means of unexpected action effects increases the sensitivity for detecting an error in the subsequent task. 相似文献
29.
The aftereffects of error and conflict (i.e., stimulus or response incongruency) have been extensively studied in the cognitive control literature. Each has been characterized by its own behavioral signature on the following trial. Conflict leads to a reduced congruency effect (Gratton effect), whereas an error leads to increased response time (post-error slowing). The reason for this dissociation has remained unclear. Here, we show that post-conflict slowing is not typically observed because it is masked by the processing of the irrelevant stimulus dimension. We demonstrate that post-conflict slowing does occur when tested in pure trials where helpful or detrimental impacts from irrelevant stimulus dimensions are removed (i.e., univalent stimuli). 相似文献
30.
When a target requires different responses to a relevant and to an irrelevant task in a task-switching paradigm, there is
response conflict. This target-induced response conflict was combined with conflict caused by a subliminally presented prime
presented prior to the target. We found that target-related conflict reduced prime-induced conflict effects within the same
trial. However, target-related conflict modified prime-related conflict effects according to the irrelevant stimulus-response
(S-R) rule, but not according to the relevant S-R rule. Moreover, trial-to-trial modulations of the target congruency effect
were observed in task repetition trials, but not in task switch trials. These results indicate that conflict resolution mechanisms,
at least under the present circumstances, operate in a strictly task-specific manner. 相似文献