Acute Intellectual Effects of Pediatric Head Trauma

The current study compared Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III) performances of 30 children who sustained head injury with the performance of orthopedic controls matched on gender, age, race, and parental education and occupational attainment. Children were followed during initial hospitalization, trauma severity variables were recorded, and duration of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) was determined by serial testing of mental status. The WISC-III was administered immediately following resolution of amnesia. Although the majority of patients sustained mild injuries, children with head injuries obtained significantly lower IQ and factor scores than nonneurologically injured children. Consistent with past research, performance-based scores including Performance IQ, Perceptual Organization, and Processing Speed were more sensitive to head trauma than their verbal counterparts. Standardized measurement of PTA appeared to be a better predictor of IQ status following injury than Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission or length of unconsciousness.     

Testing the limits of testing effects using completion tests

Recent work on testing effects has shown that retrieval practice can facilitate memory even for complex prose materials (Roediger & Karpicke, 2006a, 2006b). In three experiments the current study explores the effectiveness of retrieval practice on fill-in-the-blank (FITB) tests requiring the recall of specific words or phrases from a text. Final tests included both repeated items that were directly taken from initial tests, and related items. In Experiment 1, with a 2-day delay between initial and final tests, FITB testing benefited performance only on repeated items. In Experiment 2 a 7-day delay between testing sessions led to more robust effects on repeated items. However, once again no benefits were seen for related items. In Experiment 3 the scope of retrieval was varied by comparing FITB tests to paragraph recall tests requiring retrieval of all sentences following a topic sentence. Only the more open-ended recall practice demonstrated improvements in transfer to novel questions. The results suggest that scope or type of processing required during retrieval practice is likely a critical factor in whether testing will have specific or robust benefits.     

Direction Orientation in Children

Abstract

The mental and physical life of school children. By Peter Sandiford. London, Longmans, Green &; Co., 1913. 346 p.

The demonstration schools record, number two; edited by J. J. Findlay. Manchester, University Press, 1913. 283 p.

Educational psychology. Volume two. The psychology of learning. By Edward L. Thorndike. N. Y., Teachers College, Columbia University, 1913. 452 p.

School health administration. By Louis W. Rapeer. New York, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1913. 360 p.

Young working girls. A summary of evidence from two thousand social workers. Edited for the National Federation of Settlements by Robert A. Woods and Albert J. Kennedy, its secretaries; with an introduction by Jane Addams, its first president. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1913. 185 p.

Medical and sanitary inspection of schools, for the health officers, the physician, the nurse and the teacher. By S. W. Newmayer. Ill. with 71 engravings and 14 full-page plates. Philadelphia, Lea &; Febiger, 1913. 318 p.

De la méthode littéraire; journal d'un Professeur dans une Classe de Première. Par J. Bezard. Paris, Librairie Vuibert, n. d. 2nd ed. 746 p.

Foods and household management; a textbook of the household arts. By Helen Kinne and Anna M. Cooley. N. Y., Macmillan, 1914. 401 p.

The Montessori method and the American school. By Florence Elizabeth Ward. N. Y., Macmillan, 1913. 243 p.

Advanced English grammar. By William T. Harris. Yonkers-on-Hudson, world Book Co., 1912. 511 p.

Hygiene for girls; individual and community. By Florence Harvey Richards. Boston, D. C. Heath &; Co., 1913. 257 p.

Young boys and boarding school; the functions, organisation and administration of the sub-preparatory boarding-school for boys. By Horace Holden. Boston, Richard G. Badger, 1913. 197 p.

Psychologie der Sprachpädagogik; Versuche zu einer Darstellung der Prinsipien des fremdsprachlichen Unterrichts auf Grund der psychologischen Natur der Sprache. Von. Chr. B. Flagstad. Leipzig, B. G. Teubner, 1913. 370 p.

Principles of education. By T. Raymont. London, Longmans, Green, 1913. 381 p.

Young folks handbook. Philadelphia, American Institute of Child Life, 1913. 215 p.

Intensive studies in American literature. By Alma Blount. New York, Macmillan, 1914. 331 p.

Chinese womanhood. By Lucinda Pearl Boggs. Cincinnati, Jennings &; Graham, 1913. 129 p.

The marking system in theory and practice. By I. E. Finkelstein. (Educational Psychology Monographs, no. 10.) Baltimore, Warwick &; York, 1913. 88 p.

The examination of school children; a manual of directions and norms. By William Henry Pyle. New York, Macmillan, 1913. 70 p.

Elements of debating. By Leverett S. Lyon. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1913. 136 p.

Paedologisch Jaarboek, volume 8. Edited by M. C. Schuyten. Paris, Librairie C. Reinwald, 1913.

A cyclopedia of education. Volume 5. Edited by Paul Monroe. N. Y., Macmillan, 1913. 892 p.

Die Erkennung des Schwachsinns beim Kinde. Von Emil Villiger. Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann, 1913. 90 p.

The French verb; its forms and tense uses. By William A. Nitze and Ernest H. Wilkins. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1914. 40 p. (With French verb blanks.)

Trans-Atlantic historical solidarity. Lectures delivered before the University of Oxford in Easter and Trinity terms, 1013. By Charles Francis Adams. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1913. 184 p.

Linking the life insurance companies to the public health movement. By Eugene Lyman Fisk. (Read before the Reed College Conference on Conservation of Human Life, Portland, Ore., May 9, 1913) 8 p.

Concrete investigation of the material of English spelling; with conclusions bearing on the problem of teaching spelling. By W. Franklin Jones. Vermillion, S. D., University of South Dakota. 27 p.

Panama canal; what it is and what it means. By John Barrett. Washington, D. C., Pan American Union, 1913. 120 p.

The Pan American Union; peace, friendship, commerce. By John Barrett, 1911. 253 p.

Table talk in the home. By the Literary staff of the institute. Monograph of the American Institute of Child Life. Philadelphia, 1913. 16 p.

Calendar of childhood and youth. Prepared by William Byron Forbush and the educational staff of the American Institute of Child Life. Philadelphia, American Institute of Child Life, 1913. 59 p.     

New rule use drives the relation between working memory capacity and Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices

The correlation between individual differences in working memory capacity and performance on the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) is well documented yet poorly understood. The present work proposes a new explanation: that the need to use a new combination of rules on RAPM problems drives the relation between performance and working memory capacity scores. Evidence for this account is supported by an item-based analysis of performance during standard administration of the RAPM and an experiment that manipulates the need to use new rule combinations across 2 subsets of RAPM items. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).     

Parenting Styles in a Cultural Context: Observations of "Protective Parenting" in First-Generation Latinos

Current literature presents four primary parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful. These styles provide an important shortcut for a constellation of parenting behaviors that have been characterized as consisting of warmth, demandingness, and autonomy granting. Empirically, only warmth and demandingness are typically measured. Research reporting on parenting styles in Latino samples has been equivocal leading to questions about conceptualization and measurement of parenting styles in this ethnic/cultural group. This lack of consensus may result from the chasm between concepts (e.g., authoritarian parenting) and observable parenting behaviors (e.g., warmth) in this ethnic group. The present research aimed to examine parenting styles and dimensions in a sample of Latino parents using the two usual dimensions (warmth, demandingness) and adding autonomy granting. Traditional parenting styles categories were examined, as well as additional categorizations that resulted from adding autonomy granting. Fifty first-generation Latino parents and their child (aged 4–9) participated. Parent–child interactions were coded with the Parenting Style Observation Rating Scale (P-SOS). In this sample, the four traditional parenting categories did not capture Latino families well. The combination of characteristics resulted in eight possible parenting styles. Our data showed the majority (61%) of Latino parents as "protective parents." Further, while mothers and fathers were similar in their parenting styles, expectations were different for male and female children. The additional dimensions and implications are discussed. The importance of considering the cultural context in understanding parenting in Latino families is emphasized, along with directions for future research.     

Integrating Sex and Couples Therapy: A Multifaceted Case History

Traditionally, sexuality has not been a focus in couples therapy training, research, or practice, although it is an important, often complex issue for many couples. This article tells the story of a couple presenting for sex therapy due to their unconsummated marriage, and is told to exemplify how sex therapy and couples therapy can be integrated in order to best meet the needs of couples. As the story unfolds, the multilayered facets of the presenting issue are revealed. The therapy incorporates and weaves together family of origin history, intrapsychic and cognitive issues, relational dynamics, patterns of interaction, and physiological/medical concerns into a postmodern couples therapy with behavioral interventions. This combined approach recognizes the value of each method on its own and their greater usefulness when blended together.     

The effects of domain knowledge on metacomprehension accuracy

In the present research, we examined the relationship between readers’ domain knowledge and their ability to judge their comprehension of novel domain-related material. Participants with varying degrees of baseball knowledge read five texts on baseball-related topics and five texts on non-baseball-related topics, predicted their performance, and completed tests for each text. Baseball knowledge was positively related to absolute accuracy within the baseball domain but was unrelated to relative accuracy within the baseball domain. Also, the readers showed a general underconfidence bias, but the bias was less extreme for higher knowledge readers. The results challenge common assumptions that experts’ metacognitive judgments are less accurate than novices’. Results involving topic familiarity ratings and a no-reading control group suggest that higher knowledge readers are not more likely to ignore text-specific cues in favor of a domain familiarity heuristic, but they do appear to make more effective use of domain familiarity in predicting absolute performance levels.     

Coping In the Corporation: Sex Role Constraints

In this paper, the predictive power of status-based and socialization-based explanations of the differential rewards accruing to men and women in the corporate world are compared. Ninety-five experienced managers were asked to evaluate persuasive dialogues between two individuals in a corporate setting. Sex of the actor, sex of the other, and the influence technique used by the actor all affected the personality traits attributed to the influential actor. Our respondents perceived influential males as significantly more powerful, higher in corporate position, and warmer than identically described females. Implications of these and other findings for both male and female managers are discussed.     

Diffuse Lewy Body Disease: Clinical,Pathological, and Neuropsychological Review

The pathophysiological etiologies and clinical presentations of neurodegenerative dementias have been found to be complex and heterogeneous. Recently, Lewy body inclusions have been identified as an etiological factor in 20–34% of autopsied dementia cases. The term diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD) is generally accepted as the diagnostic term representative of this currently under-reported and under-recognized disease. This article reviews the literature on the clinical, pathological, and neuropsychological features of this disorder. Differential diagnostic issues are discussed as well as current pharmacological treatment. Nine confirmed cases of DLBD are presented to demonstrate the various features of this disorder. The diagnostic implications of neuropsychological examination results are discussed in relation to other common dementing neurologic diseases.     

Gender and family/career conflict: Reactions of bosses

How do managers attribute the cause for a late and inaccurate proposal by a junior manager and how do they (the manager-respondents) think they would handle the problem? Previous research indicates that the attribution of cause for the poor performance is crucial to determining the response. However, gender may affect the attribution of cause, the interpretation of the circumstances, and the response chosen. In the present study, we assess the usefulness of an attribution model of leader behavior. We vary both the circumstances surrounding the poor performance and the gender of the putative junior manager. We are particularly concerned with the causal interpretation of conflicts between family and career responsibilities. We assess the effect of gender and situation on the attributional ratings given by experienced managers. We also investigate the effect of gender of the fictive junior manager and the structure of the causal interpretation of the respondents' choice of remedial action, on their estimates of the junior managers' job effectiveness, future success, and relationships with others in the organization.