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81.
82.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of executive functions (EF) in theory-of-mind (ToM) performance in deaf children and adolescents. Four groups of deaf children aged 7–16 years, with different language backgrounds at home and at school, that is, bilingually instructed native signers, oralist-instructed native signers, and two groups of bilingually instructed late signers from Sweden and Estonia, respectively, were given eight ToM and four EF measures. The bilingually instructed native signers performed at a significantly higher level on the ToM measures than the other groups of deaf children. On the EF measures, there were no significant differences found between any of the groups, with one exception—the Swedish bilingual late signers had a significantly shorter average reaction time on the go-no-go inhibition task than the oralist native signers and the Estonian bilingual late signers. However, the Swedish children's better EF performance was not mirrored in better performance on ToM tasks. Our results indicate that despite all deaf children's good general cognitive abilities, there were still differences in their performance on ToM tasks that need to be explained in other terms. Thus, whatever the cause of late signers' difficulties with ToM, poor EF-skills seem to be of minor importance. 相似文献
83.
Lukasz D. Kaczmarek Todd B. Kashdan Evan M. Kleiman Blazej Baczkowski Jolanta Enko Adrianna Siebers Agata Szäefer Marek Król Barbara Baran 《Personality and individual differences》2013
Despite a variety of interventions to increase well-being, little is known about who is interested in and initiates exercises on their own. We explored individual differences that predict who is most likely to participate in a voluntary gratitude intervention. College students (n = 226) completed measures of curiosity, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, and intentions to change their lifestyle. Afterwards, participants received a personalized invitation to take part in a web-based intervention to enhance their well-being (anonymous and strictly voluntary). Results suggested that 11.5% of participants started the gratitude intervention. Individuals endorsing strong intentions to change their lifestyle (+1 SD above mean) were 2.2 times more likely than their peers to start the gratitude intervention. People with greater trait curiosity endorsed greater intentions to start this intervention; people with greater depressive symptoms endorsed weaker intentions. Both curiosity and depressive symptoms indirectly influenced initiation of the gratitude intervention via intentions. These findings provide support for particular paths that lead to the initial behavioral effort towards healthy change. We discuss the implications for attempting to increase and sustain people’s well-being. 相似文献
84.
85.
This paper examines whether scientific reasoning skills predict people's susceptibility to epistemically suspect beliefs and cognitive biases. We used the recently developed Scientific Reasoning Scale (SRS) because it measures the ability to read and evaluate scientific evidence. Alongside the SRS, 317 participants aged 18–30 years completed measures of thinking dispositions and cognitive ability to ascertain whether the SRS contributes specifically to susceptibility to epistemically suspect beliefs and cognitive biases. Scientific reasoning correlated positively with dispositions towards analytic thinking and cognitive ability and negatively with dogmatism, epistemically suspect beliefs, and susceptibility to cognitive biases. Most importantly, it emerged as a significant predictor, contributing to susceptibility to both cognitive biases and epistemically suspect beliefs over and above the other cognitive predictors. These results provide the first empirical evidence that scientific reasoning ability is an important factor in protecting against epistemically suspect beliefs and in aiding better decision making among the non-scientific population. 相似文献
86.
Michal Bilewicz Roland Imhoff Marek Drogosz 《European journal of social psychology》2011,41(2):201-209
Studies on dehumanization demonstrated that denying certain human characteristics might serve as a strategy for moral disengagement. Meat consumption—especially in the times of cruel animal farming—is related to the exclusion of animals from the human scope of justice. In the present research, it was hypothesized that the conception of human uniqueness (denying animals certain psychological characteristics) might be a strategy of meat‐eaters' moral disengagement. Three studies compared the extent to which vegetarians and omnivores attribute psychological characteristics to humans versus animals. In Study 1, vegetarian participants ascribed more secondary (uniquely human) emotions to animals than did the omnivores; however, there were no differences in primary (animalistic) emotions. Study 2 showed that omnivores distinguish human characteristics from animalistic ones more sharply than vegetarians do, while both groups do not differ in distinguishing human characteristics from mechanistic ones. Study 3 confirmed the results by showing that omnivores ascribed less secondary emotions to traditionally edible animals than to the non‐edible species, while vegetarians did not differentiate these animals. These results support the claim that the lay conceptions of ‘human uniqueness’ are strategies of moral disengagement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
87.
Nieznański M 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2011,64(8):1593-1608
The role of the word predictability from sentence context for reality monitoring and external source monitoring was examined in two experiments. In a reality-monitoring task, discrimination of an internal source was better in the hard than in the easy condition. It is probable that extra cognitive operations engaged during word generation in the hard condition were effective cues for reality-monitoring judgements. In contrast, in an external source-monitoring task (recognition memory of item's colour), the hard condition resulted in worse source memory for generated words than did the easy condition. This result is consistent both with an item-context trade-off hypothesis and a processing hypothesis. Greater effort involved at the time of generation might limit resources available for encoding of an external source. It is also possible that for generated words, the hard condition promoted conceptual processing instead of perceptual processing; therefore the item's colour was not effectively encoded. 相似文献
88.
Marek Styczyński 《Studies in East European Thought》2010,62(1):81-91
This paper is a contribution to the constantly increasing Polish interest in Russian thought, especially in Nicolas Berdjaev’s
philosophy. The differences between Western philosophy and Russian religious thinking are mentioned in passing. Berdjaev’s
existential personalism, which from the sociological point of view can be described as a freedom from the world, is dealt
with. The thinker contrasts persons and their activities with the objectified world and emphasizes the existential strangeness
of the person in the world of culture bound by different determining factors. 相似文献
89.
Czarkowski M 《Science and engineering ethics》2010,16(1):99-110
Biological research with legitimate scientific purpose that may be misused to pose a biological threat to public health and/or
national security is termed dual use. In Poland there are adequate conditions for conducting experiments that could be qualified
as dual use research, and therefore, a risk of attack on Poland or other countries exists. Optimal solutions for limiting
such threats are required, and the national system of biosecurity should enable early, reliable, and complete identification
of this type of research. Scientists should have a fundamental role in this process, their duty being to immediately, upon
identification, report research with dual use potential. An important entity in the identification system of dual use research
should also be the Central Register of Biological and Biomedical Research, which gathers information about all biological
and biomedical research being conducted in a given country. Publishers, editors, and review committees of journals and other
scientific publications should be involved in evaluating results of clinical trials. The National Council of Biosecurity should
be the governmental institution responsible for developing a system of dual use research threat prevention. Its role would
be to develop codes of conduct, form counsel of expertise, and monitor the problem at national level, while the Dual Use Research
Committee would be responsible for individual cases. In Poland, current actions aiming to provide biological safety were based
on developing and passing an act about genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) and creating a GMO Committee. Considering experiences
of other nations, one should view these actions as fragmentary, and thus insufficient protection against dual use research
threats. 相似文献
90.
Kristopher J. Gauthier Andrew N. Christopher Mark I. Walter Ronney Mourad Pam Marek 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2006,7(2):139-154
Previous research has found a consistent, negative relationship between holding religious doubts and mental well-being, and
a small positive relationship between religiosity and mental well-being. To assess the interrelationship between religious
doubt, religiosity, and need for cognition on life satisfaction, a survey was administered to an almost exclusively Christian
sample of 192 Americans drawn from undergraduates and alumni of a small mid-western college, undergraduates from a small south-eastern
college, and several churches from the metro-Detroit area. Zero-order correlations revealed relationships between religiosity
and life satisfaction, as well as religious doubt and life satisfaction. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed
that the three-way interaction of religiosity, religious doubt, and the need for cognition was predictive of life satisfaction.
Significant two-way interactions also emerged for both gender and religiosity, and gender and religious doubt as predictors
of life satisfaction. Based upon these findings, counseling applications are discussed, and the importance of probing for
interactions in research on religious influences on well-being is espoused.
Portions of this research were presented at the 2004 Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu,
HI. 相似文献