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861.
Majerus S Heiligenstein L Gautherot N Poncelet M Van der Linden M 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,103(1):66-86
This study investigated the role of auditory selective attention capacities as a possible mediator of the well-established association between verbal short-term memory (STM) and vocabulary development. A total of 47 6- and 7-year-olds were administered verbal immediate serial recall and auditory attention tasks. Both task types probed processing of item and serial order information because recent studies have shown this distinction to be critical when exploring relations between STM and lexical development. Multiple regression and variance partitioning analyses highlighted two variables as determinants of vocabulary development: (a) a serial order processing variable shared by STM order recall and a selective attention task for sequence information and (b) an attentional variable shared by selective attention measures targeting item or sequence information. The current study highlights the need for integrative STM models, accounting for conjoined influences of attentional capacities and serial order processing capacities on STM performance and the establishment of the lexical language network. 相似文献
862.
L. van Domburgh R. Loeber D. Bezemer R. Stallings M. Stouthamer-Loeber 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(7):967-980
Childhood predictors of adolescent offending careers were studied in 310 boys from the longitudinal Pittsburgh Youth Study
who started offending prior to age 12. Three main groups were distinguished: serious persisters (n = 95), moderately serious persisters (n = 117), desisters (n = 63), and an intermittent group (n = 35). Group membership was predicted using risk and promotive factors measured in childhood. Serious and moderately serious
persisters could be distinguished well from desisters (29.2% and 32.3% explained variance). Distinction between the two persister
groups proved somewhat more difficult (20.9% explained variance). More serious persisters than desisters showed disruptive
behavior, while moderately serious persisters fell in between. Further, more moderately serious persisters were marked by
social disadvantage. Family involvement, small family and positive peer relationships were promotive of desistance. Concluding,
early onset offenders show considerable heterogeneity in their adolescent offending careers which seem to some extent to be
predicted by different sets of risk and promotive factors. 相似文献
863.
Marjolein Luman Steffen J. P. van Noesel Alky Papanikolau Janneke Van Oostenbruggen-Scheffer Diane Veugelers Joseph A. Sergeant Jaap Oosterlaan 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(8):1123-1135
This study compared children with ADHD-only, ADHD+ODD and normal controls (age 8–12) on three key neurocognitive functions:
response inhibition, reinforcement sensitivity, and temporal information processing. The goal was twofold: (a) to investigate
neurocognitive impairments in children with ADHD-only and children with ADHD+ODD, and (b) to test whether ADHD+ODD is a more
severe from of ADHD in terms of neurocognitive performance. In Experiment 1, inhibition abilities were measured using the
Stop Task. In Experiment 2, reinforcement sensitivity and temporal information processing abilities were measured using a
Timing Task with both a reward and penalty condition. Compared to controls, children with ADHD-only demonstrated impaired
inhibitory control, showed more time underestimations, and showed performance deterioration in the face of reward and penalty.
Children with ADHD+ODD performed in-between children with ADHD-only and controls in terms of inhibitory controls and the tendency
to underestimate time, but were more impaired than controls and children with ADHD-only in terms of timing variability. In
the face of reward and penalty children with ADHD+ODD improved their performance compared to a neutral condition, in contrast
to children with ADHD-only. In the face of reward, the performance improvement in the ADHD+ODD group was disproportionally
larger than that of controls. Taken together the findings suggest that, in terms of neurocognitive functioning, comorbid ADHD+ODD
is a substantial different entity than ADHD-only. 相似文献
864.
The primary aim of this paper is to analyze the concept of degrees of causal contribution for actual events and examine the
way in which it can be formally defined. This should go some way to filling out a gap in the legal and philosophical literature
on causation. By adopting the conception of a cause as a necessary element of a sufficient set (the so-called NESS test) we
show that the concept of degrees of causation can be given clear and even empirical meaning. We then apply a game theoretical
framework to derive a measure of causal contribution. Our favoured measure turns out to be a generalised version of the normalized
Penrose–Banzhaf index of voting power. 相似文献
865.
Motor disorders are a frequent consequence of acquired brain injury (ABI) in children and much effort is currently invested in alleviating these deficits. The aim of the present study was to test motor imagery (MI) capabilities in children with ABI (n=25) and an age- and gender-matched control group (n=25). A computerized Virtual Radial Fitts Task (VRFT) was used to investigate the speed-accuracy trade-offs (or Fitts' law) that occur as target size is varied for both executed and imagined performance. In the control group, the speed for accuracy trade-off for both executed and imagined performance conformed to Fitts' law. In the ABI group, only executed movements conformed to Fitts' law. These findings suggest that children with ABI show an inferior ability to imagine the time needed to complete goal-directed movements with differential difficulty levels. 相似文献
866.
Ashley A. Gorman Jessica M. Foley Mark L. Ettenhofer Charles H. Hinkin Wilfred G. van Gorp 《Neuropsychology review》2009,19(2):186-203
This review focuses on the “real world” implications of infection with HIV/AIDS from a neuropsychological perspective. Relevant
literature is reviewed which examines the relationships between HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment and employment,
driving, medication adherence, mood, fatigue, and interpersonal functioning. Specifically, the relative contributions of medical,
cognitive, psychosocial, and psychiatric issues on whether someone with HIV/AIDS will be able to return to work, adhere to
a complicated medication regimen, or safely drive a vehicle will be discussed. Methodological issues that arise in the context
of measuring medication adherence or driving capacity are also explored. Finally, the impact of HIV/AIDS on mood state, fatigue,
and interpersonal relationships are addressed, with particular emphasis on how these variables interact with cognition and
independent functioning. The purpose of this review is to integrate neuropsychological findings with their real world correlates
of functional behavior in the HIV/AIDS population. 相似文献
867.
Imagining the Future of Photoacoustic Mammography 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
van der Burg S 《Science and engineering ethics》2009,15(1):97-110
How can a realistic ethical imagination about the future of a technology take shape? This article contains a reflection which is based on the experiences of an embedded ethicist in the context of biophysical research conducive to the development of photoacoustic mammography, which is intended for the non-invasive detection of breast cancer. Imagination in this context already informs the activities of the biophysical researchers, but its role is limited: biophysical future scenarios concentrate on the technological advances that photoacoustics could bring about. In this article it is argued that it is advisable to also consider the medical practice and the ways in which this practice is likely to change as an effect of the introduction of photoacoustic mammography into it. On the basis of this more encompassing imaginative endeavor it is possible to get a clearer idea about how new technologies are able to contribute to human well being, which is informative for the setting of research-goals/priorities and a responsible implementation of new technologies into the world. 相似文献
868.
Rosa A. Hoekstra Meike Bartels Marieke van Leeuwen Dorret I. Boomsma 《Developmental science》2009,12(6):1041-1053
The etiology of individual differences in general verbal ability, verbal learning and letter and category fluency were examined in two independent samples of 9‐ and 18‐year‐old twin pairs and their siblings. In both age groups, we observed strong familial resemblance for general verbal ability and moderate familial resemblance for verbal learning, letter and category fluency. All familial resemblance was explained by genetic factors. There was significant covariance among the tests, which was stronger in magnitude in the adolescent cohort. The covariance was mainly explained by genetic effects shared by subtests, both in middle childhood and in late adolescence. In addition to a shared set of genes that influenced all phenotypes, there were also genetic influences specific to the different verbal phenotypes. 相似文献
869.
870.
The present research examined the relationship between adherence to honor norms and emotional reactions after an insult. Participants were 42 Dutch male train travelers, half of whom were insulted by a confederate who bumped into the participant and made a degrading remark. Compared with insulted participants with a weak adherence to honor norms, insulted participants with a strong adherence to honor norms were (a) more angry, (b) less joyful, (c) less fearful, and (d) less resigned. Moreover, insulted participants with a strong adherence to honor norms perceived more anger in subsequent stimuli than not-insulted participants with a strong adherence to these norms. The present findings support a direct relationship among insult, adherence to honor norms, and emotional reactions. 相似文献