Factor analysis by generalized least squares

Aitken's generalized least squares (GLS) principle, with the inverse of the observed variance-covariance matrix as a weight matrix, is applied to estimate the factor analysis model in the exploratory (unrestricted) case. It is shown that the GLS estimates are seale free and asymptotically efficient. The estimates are computed by a rapidly converging Newton-Raphson procedure. A new technique is used to deal with Heywood cases effectively.The work on this project was done when the first author was Research Statistician at Educational Testing Service, Princeton, N. J. The second author was in part supported by a grant from the Research Committee of the University of Wisconsin Graduate School. The authors wish to thank Michael Browne for many helpful comments and Marielle van Thillo for valuable assistance in the numerical computations.     

Response latency,confidence, and ROCs in auditory signal detection

Response latencies were obtained from 10 Ss in auditory signal-detection experiments. The response latencies were inversely related to certainty that a signal was (or was not) presented. The S’s decision criterion was found to have an influence on response latency, which was consistent with the hypothesis that stimuli close to the current criterion elicit longer response latencies than stimuli more distant from the criterion. Comparisons among receiver operating characteristics derived from binary decisions, from the latencies of binary decisions, and from confidence ratings show that response latencies and binary decisions together yield more information about the stimulus than does the binary decision alone. However, the increment in information gained from the measurement of response latencies is in general (though not for every S) smaller than that gained by shifting from yes-no responses to a confidence-rating procedure.     

Extraretinal feedback and visual localization

The effect of saccades on visual localization was tested before, during, and after the eye movements. After saccades, localization errors were much less than the distance that the eyes had moved. It is argued that these results demonstrate that extraretinal feedback affects visual localization. The results also suggest that the feedback is related to acceleration rather than to position. Implications for inflow and outflow theories are discussed.     

Concurrent variation of response bias and sensitivity in an operant-psychophysical test

The yes-no signal detection procedure was applied to a single-response operant paradigm in which rats discriminated between a standard auditory intensity and attenuated comparison values. The payoff matrix was symmetrical (with reinforcing brain stimulation for correct detections and brief time-out for errors), but signal probability and intensity differences were varied to generate a family of isobias and isosensitivity functions. The d’ parameter remained fairly constant across a wide range of bias levels. Isobias functions deviated from a strict matching strategy as discrimination difficulty increased, although an orderly relation was maintained between signal probability value and the degree and direction of response bias.     

Schedule control of the vocal behavior of Cebus monkeys

The vocal behavior of three Cebus monkeys was maintained by fixed-ratio schedules of response dependent reinforcement at values between fixed-ratio 1 and fixed-ratio 15. In one monkey that was exposed to variable-interval, fixed-interval, and conjunctive fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement, vocal responding occurred at a low rate, but schedule-appropriate patterns were maintained. The rates and patterns of responding engendered indicated that the vocal operant can be brought under schedule control in the monkey by the use of response-dependent reinforcement.