The Influence of Individual‐Oriented Relationship Education on Equality and Conflict‐Related Behaviors

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a widespread, pervasive problem that affects couples and individuals from diverse backgrounds. Effective IPV screening practices and interventions that consider IPV context have not been widely studied. Therefore, the authors examined the influence of individual‐oriented relationship education for 230 low‐income participants on equality and conflict‐related behaviors, while accounting for baseline IPV characteristics. Participants who began the intervention with more IPV experiences reported significant improvements in equality and conflict‐related behaviors postintervention.     

Testing Serial Crime Events for Randomness in Day‐of‐Week Patterns with Small Samples

This paper discusses exact tests for evaluating whether a series of offences are randomly distributed across days of the week for small sample sizes. The context is if an analyst has identified a series of related events, can the analyst determine if those events are randomly distributed with respect to the day‐of‐week given only a few offences? This paper develops exact reference distributions because the number of potential permutations is small, and this research finds that the likelihood ratio G‐test under realistic circumstances is quite powerful. Only three crimes need to occur on the same day of the week to reject the null. Several examples of using the test under realistic circumstances are illustrated; a series of thefts of catalytic converters where the exact dates are unknown, gang shootings, and arsons over a year. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Resistance to persuasion as self-regulation: Ego-depletion and its effects on attitude change processes

Counterarguing persuasive messages requires active control processes (e.g., generation and application of contradictory information) similar to those involved in other forms of self-regulation. Prior research has indicated that self-regulation ability is a finite resource subject to temporary depletion with use, and so engaging in self-regulatory tasks could impair individuals’ ability to subsequently counterargue. Participants completed an initial task designed to deplete or not deplete their regulatory resources. Following the manipulation, participants read a message supporting a counterattitudinal policy. Results indicated that prior self-regulation reduced subsequent resistance, primarily when the message arguments were specious. Counterargument appears to be a self-regulatory process that can be undermined when self-regulatory resources have previously been diminished.     

The memory-impairing effects of septal GABA receptor activation involve GABAergic septo-hippocampal projection neurons

Septal infusions of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) agonist muscimol impair memory, and the effect likely involves the hippocampus. GABA(A) receptors are present on the perikarya of cholinergic and GABAergic septo-hippocampal (SH) projections. The current experiments determined whether GABAergic SH projections are involved in the memory-impairing effects of septal GABA(A) receptor activation. Experiment 1 tested whether combining septal co-infusions of subeffective doses of muscimol with scopolamine, a drug that selectively influences GABA SH projections, would produce memory deficits. Experiment 2 tested whether hippocampal infusions of a GABA(A) receptor antagonist would block the effects of septal muscimol infusions. Fifteen minutes prior to assessing spontaneous alternation (SA) or training in a multiple trial inhibitory avoidance (CMIA) task, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given septal infusions of vehicle, muscimol, scopolamine, or co-infusions of muscimol with scopolamine, or septal infusions of vehicle or muscimol combined with hippocampal infusions of vehicle or bicuculline. Septal co-infusions of muscimol with scopolamine significantly impaired SA and CMIA. Hippocampal bicuculline infusions blocked deficits produced by septal muscimol infusions in SA and attenuated deficits produced in CMIA. Combined, these findings suggest that GABAergic SH projections are involved in the memory-impairing effects of septal GABA receptor activation.     

Conditionals and consequences

We examine the notion of conditionals and the role of conditionals in inductive logics and arguments. We identify three mistakes commonly made in the study of, or motivation for, non-classical logics. A nonmonotonic consequence relation based on evidential probability is formulated. With respect to this acceptance relation some rules of inference of System P are unsound, and we propose refinements that hold in our framework.     

Primacy effects induced by temporal or physical context shifts are attenuated by a preshift test trial

When subjects are sequentially trained with a cue (A) paired separately with two outcomes (B and C) in different phases (i.e., A-B pairings followed by A-C pairings) testing in the training context after short retention intervals often reveals recency effects (i.e., stronger influence by A-C). In contrast, testing after long retention intervals or testing in a context different from that of training sometimes reveals primacy effects (A-B). Three experiments were conducted using rats in a Pavlovian conditioned bar-press suppression preparation to ascertain whether a nonreinforced test trial in the training context soon after training can attenuate this shift to primacy. Experiment 1 demonstrated that exposure to A shortly after both phases of training, but prior to a long retention interval, can attenuate shifts from recency to primacy otherwise observed with a long retention interval. Experiment 2 showed that exposure to A in the training context can also eliminate the shift from recency to primacy otherwise produced by shifting the physical context between training and test. Experiment 3 discredited a potential account of the results of Experiments 1 and 2. The effects observed in Experiment 1 and 2 are interpreted as early testing in the training context serving to initiate rehearsal of the A-C association due to the temporal proximity of A-C training.     

Exploring Mothers’ and Fathers’ Relationships with Sons Versus Daughters: Links to Adolescent Adjustment in Mexican Immigrant Families

Drawing on ecological and gender socialization perspectives, this study examined mothers’ and fathers’ relationships with young adolescents, exploring differences between mothers and fathers, for sons versus daughters, and as a function of parents’ division of paid labor. Mexican immigrant families (N?=?162) participated in home interviews and seven nightly phone calls. Findings revealed that mothers reported higher levels of acceptance toward adolescents and greater knowledge of adolescents’ daily activities than did fathers, and mothers spent more time with daughters than with sons. Linkages between parent-adolescent relationship qualities and youth adjustment were moderated by adolescent gender and parents’ division of paid labor. Findings revealed, for example, stronger associations between parent–adolescent relationship qualities and youth adjustment for girls than for boys.     

Relationships Between Politics, Supervisor Communication, and Job Outcomes

Perceptions of organizational politics (POPs) are ever present and have been shown to have many negative effects. This study investigated the influence of perceptions of politics on the consequences of turnover intentions and job frustration; 2 important outcomes in the organizational politics literature. Additionally, this study examined the role of supervisor communication as a moderator of these relationships. We investigated the relationships in a sample of 246 alumni from a midwestern university who were working in a wide range of occupations. Our results provide support for positive associations between POPs and intentions to turnover and job frustration; supervisor communication moderated these relationships. Managerial recommendations and suggestions for future research are offered.