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Jane Westergaard 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2013,13(2):98-105
Aim: Counsellors who work with young people in a range of contexts know that they are not engaging with ‘mini‐adults’. The issues young people bring to counselling are often complex, challenging and wide‐ranging, as adolescents are experiencing times of turbulence and change in their physical, emotional, social and psychological development. This paper focuses on a research project undertaken with five counsellors who work with young people, and asks the question: ‘What works?’ Method: The research project is an in‐depth qualitative study into the counsellor's experience of counselling young people, using a narrative approach. Findings: Four key shared themes emerged: the significance of ‘safety’ in the relationship; building the therapeutic alliance; flexibility and integration relating to theoretical orientation; and the use of creativity. Outcomes: This paper offers counsellors the opportunity to reflect on ‘what works’ and consider the professional knowledge, which underpins their own counselling practice with young people. 相似文献
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G C Westergaard 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1992,106(4):398-403
Infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in a captive peer group used objects as containers, drinking utensils, and sponges in the context of play. The baboons later used paper, browse, and other materials as tools to extract sweet liquids from apparatus designed to accommodate sponging and probing behavior. The results of this study demonstrate flexible combinatorial manipulation and spontaneous use of tools by infant baboons. These data are consistent with hypotheses that (a) an evolutionary history of omnivorous extractive foraging is associated with the use of tools and (b) free play in an object-enriched captive environment may facilitate combinatorial manipulation in nonhuman primates. 相似文献
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G C Westergaard 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1991,105(2):172-176
The purpose of this study was to examine hand preference in the use and manufacture of probing tools by tufted capuchin and lion-tailed macaque monkeys (Cebus apella and Macaca silenus). Hand preference for the tool-using sequence was noted in 4 of 5 capuchins (a left-hand preference was noted in 3 ss) and 3 of 4 macaques (a left-hand preference was noted in 2 ss). The monkeys frequently used bimanual action in the initial and final segments of the 3-component task and typically modified tools through coordinated action of the hands and teeth. These data provide evidence consistent with the hypotheses that (a) hemisphere specialization for manual control evolved in primates prior to intensive use of tools by early hominids and (b) monkeys prefer the left hand for precise, visually guided, manipulative actions. 相似文献
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Three experiments were conducted to test whether a pair of tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) could generalize their ability to exchange tokens and tool objects with a human experimenter to similar exchanges with a
conspecific partner. Monkeys were tested in side-by-side enclosures, one enclosure containing a tool-use apparatus and one
or more token(s), and the other enclosure containing one or more tool object(s). The monkeys willingly transferred tokens
and tools to a conspecific with little practice. Following a small amount of training, we also found that the monkeys would
select situation-appropriate tokens to exchange for specific tools, but did not select appropriate tool objects in response
to another monkey’s token transfers. Implications regarding role reversal are discussed. 相似文献