A longitudinal examination of sex offender recidivism prior to and following the implementation of SORN

The goals of the present study were to examine the recidivism rates of two matched samples of sexual offenders, those released prior to and after sex offender registration and notification (SORN) in New Jersey. The pre-SORN group (1990-1994) included 247 offenders, while the post-SORN group (1996-2000) included 248 offenders. The longitudinal analysis demonstrated that for sex offenders released from prison both prior to and after implementation of SORN, there are clearly two distinguishable groups of sex offenders in relation to patterns of recidivism. More than three-quarters of sex offenders were identified as at low risk of recidivism, with low rates of repeat criminal offenses. By contrast, the high-risk group of offenders was not only more likely to commit future criminal offenses, including sex offenses, but they were also more likely to commit significantly more offenses and to do so fairly quickly following release. Analyses also include an examination of the influence of demographics, substance abuse and mental health issues, treatment history, sex offense incident characteristics, and criminal history on recidivism. Finally, SORN status was not a significant predictor of sex or general recidivism. The study limitations and policy implications are discussed.     

A test of the X-linked genetic hypothesis for sex differences on Piaget's water-level task

Data from seven studies involving 849 high school and college students were used to test the recessive X-linked genetic model prediction that the square of the proportion of men who perform accurately on the water-level task is equal to the proportion of women who perform accurately. Goodness-of-fit tests showed that this prediction was confirmed for each sample. A model with a single estimate of gene frequency accounted for all the data when a classification error parameter was incorporated into the X-linked model. In both models the gene frequency parameter was about $\text{2}\text{3}$.     

Deadly Force and Deadly Outcome: Examining the Officer,Suspect, and Situational Characteristics of Officer-Involved Shootings

ABSTRACT

Police use-of-force in general, and police use of deadly force in particular, has been at the forefront of national media attention in recent years. Despite this visibility, scholarly attention to the complexities and nuances of the dynamics at play that lead to fatal and non-fatal outcomes for suspects involved in these encounters has been limited. As such, the current study draws from data collected from 2015 to 2018 in the state of Texas to examine the officer-, suspect-, and situational-level correlates and predictors of suspect death resulting from being involved in an officer-involved shooting. Bivariate results suggest that officer race, suspect race, the suspect being armed with a deadly weapon, and the officer responding to a suspicious activity call are significantly associated with suspect death versus being injured in an officer-involved shooting. More rigorous multivariate results reveal that the situational context (i.e., the suspect being armed with a deadly weapon and the incident resulting from a suspicious activity call) is particularly relevant for predicting the lethality of an officer-involved shooting for the suspect. Study limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.