The Animus: Help or Hindrance?

The “masculine” side of the woman’s psyche is seen as carrying two kinds of energy: drive, aggressiveness, and self-assertion as well as objectivity, consciousness, and concern with meaning and spiritual values. The need for (and problems with) becoming aware of these basic energies are discussed, using many contemporary examples.     

The Association Between Delirium and Cognitive Decline: A Review of the Empirical Literature

Delirium is a common neurobehavioral syndrome that occurs across health care settings which is associated with adverse outcomes, including death. There are limited data on long-term cognitive outcomes following delirium. This report reviews the literature regarding relationships between delirium and cognitive impairment. Psych Info and Medline searches and investigation of secondary references for all English language articles on delirium and subsequent cognitive impairment were carried out. Nine papers met inclusion criteria and documented cognitive impairment in patients following delirium. Four papers reported greater cognitive impairment among patients with delirium than matched controls. Four papers reported higher incidence of dementia in patients with a history of delirium. One study found 1 of 3 survivors of critical illness with delirium developed cognitive impairment. The evidence suggests a relationship between delirium and cognitive impairment, although significant questions remain regarding the nature of this association. Additional research on delirium-related effects on long-term cognitive outcome is needed.     

Origin and history of the "Series B" and "Series C" TAT pictures

I present the origin and history of the "Series B" and "Series C" pictures of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT; White, Sanford, Murray, & Bellak, 1941; Clark, 1944). I fill in the evolutionary gap between the "Series A" pictures (W. G. Morgan, 2002) and the 1943 "Series D" (W. G. Morgan, 1995, 1999). Here one can observe which cards were retained from series to series, what new cards were experimentally introduced, and which cards were resurrected after a period of disuse. It would seem that only the world shattering events of WWII were enough to halt this evolution and freeze the content of the TAT at the time of Murray's departure from the Harvard Psychological Clinic to join the Office of Strategic Services.     

Applying Skill-Based Curriculum to Teach Feedback in Groups: An Evaluation Study

Group counseling theory and empirical research indicate that interpersonal feedback is an important element that can lead to insight and change in group members. Yet, managing interpersonal feedback is a difficult skill for novice group leaders to learn. This article examines (a) the role of feedback in counseling groups; (b) the implementation of a skill-based training program to teach novice group counselors how to give, receive, and facilitate interpersonal feedback; and (c) students' evaluation of such a program in which they participated. Recommendations are made to practitioners for incorporating feedback into counseling, and for counselor educators regarding the teaching of the intervention.     

SERIOUSLY, BUT NOT LITERALLY: PRAGMATISM AND REALISM IN RELIGION AND SCIENCE

Abstract. Critical realists would have us believe that representations have a connection to the world, that of truth or reference for example, which is independent of their usefulness to us. They would have us believe further that knowledge about this connection serves to put religion and science in their proper places with respect to one another. This essay raises pragmatic objections to these belief's.     

Traumatic Stress Among Seriously Delinquent Youth: Considering the Consequences of Neighborhood Circumstance

Myriad factors have been found to have an impact on delinquent behavior and traumatic stress. This study proposes a model that tests the relationship between common predictors of delinquency (neighborhood condition, antisocial peer socialization, and exposure to violence) with traumatic stress. Serial mediation was used to test the relationships between these predictors and traumatic stress. Results indicate the mediation effect between neighborhood conditions and traumatic stress significantly reduces the total effect. Implications for traumatic stress in the context of delinquent behavior are discussed.     

Methodology for studying research networks in the developing world: Generating information for science and technology policy

Science and technology policy in the developing world involves special problems since much of the financial support for S&;T originates outside the countries where research is done. The development of information for policy and strategic planning decisions is therefore critical for national research policymakers, international organizations, and donors. However, prior attempts have been plagued by serious methodological problems. We describe a multifaceted approach for generating systematic information on scientific and technological institutions in developing countries based on the concept of the research system as a multiorganizational network. By providing an account of how this approach was implemented in a three-country study we hope to shed light on several related problems in developing information for policy. First, how can relevant actors in research systems be identified? Second, how can a national research system be systematically surveyed? Third, how can system-wide estimates of organizational linkages and performance be obtained?     

Book reviews

Religion and Gender Ursula King, ed., 1995 Oxford, UK & Cambridge, USA: Blackwell 324 pp., £13.99/US$21.95 (pb); £40.00/US$54.95 (hb) ISBN 0–631–19377–4 (pb); 0–631–19376–7 (hb)

Zur Erleuchtung unterwegs. Neo‐Sannyasin in Deutschland und ihre Religion Joachim Süss, 1994 Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag 321 pp., DM 48.00 ISBN 3–496–02531‐X

The Odyssey of a New Religion: The Holy Order of MANS from New Age to Orthodoxy Phillip Charles Lucas, 1995 Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press; Ballmoor, Buckingham: Open University Press 312 pp., £35.00 (hb) ISBN 0–253–33612–0

The Church, Medicine and the New Age James Watt, ed., 1995 London: The Churches’ Council for Health and Healing 148 pp., £9.95 ISBN 9–780950–699028

Visions of Creation Eileen Conn & James Stewart, 1995 Alresford: Godfield Press 160 pp., £9.99 ISBN 1–899434–60–7

Ultimate Vision: Reflections on the Religions We Choose Martin Forward, ed., 1995 Oxford: Oneworld Publications £9.95, 288 pp. ISBN 1–85168–100–0

True to this Earth: Global Challenges and Transforming Faith Alan Race & Roger Williamson, 1995 Oxford: Oneworld Publications 204pp., UK £9.95 US$ 14.95 Can. $ 19.99 (pb) ISBN 1–85168–099–3

The Universe Within: An Exploration of the Human Spirit Anjam Khursheed, 1995 Oxford: Oneworld Publications 192 pp., £7.95, US$ 11.95 ISBN 1–85168–075–6

Ecology & Liberation: A New Paradigm Leonardo Boff, 1995 Maryknoll: Orbis Books 187 pp., US$ 14.95 ISBN 0–88344–978–1

Promised Land: Base Christian Communities and the Struggle for the Amazon Madeleine Cousineau Adriance, 1995 Albany: State University of New York 202 pp., US$ 19.95 ISBN 0–7914–2650–5 (pb)

The Sense of God: Sociological, Psychological and Anthropological Approaches to the Origin of the Sense of God John Bowker, 1995 Oxford: Oneworld 237 pp. (including index), £9.95 (pb) ISBN 1–85168–093–4

Le Dieu Distribué: une anthropologie compareé des monothéismes Jean Lambert, 1995 Paris: Les Editions du Cerf 405 pp., FF 240 ISBN 2–204–04950–6

The Rise and Fall of Catholic Religious Orders: A Social Movement Perspective Patricia Wittberg, 1994 New York: The State University of New York Press xii + 423 pp., £54.50 (hb), £18.25 (pb) ISBN 0–7914–2229–1 (hb); ISBN 0–7914–2230–5 (pb)

Beyond Death: Theological and Philosophical Reflections on Life after Death Dan Cohn‐Sherbok & Christopher Lewis, eds., 1995 Basingstoke: Macmillan 219 pp., £14.99 ISBN 0–333–63074–2

Mahdism in West Africa. The Ijebu Mahdiyya Movement Peter B. Clarke, 1995 London: Luzoc Oriental 225 pp., £30.00 ISBN 1–898942–06–4

African American Islam Aminah Beverly McCloud, 1995 New York: Routledge viii + 213 pp., £37.30 (hb); £12.99 (pb) ISBN 0–415–90785–3 (hb)

Religious Freedom and the Position of Islam in Western Europe: Opportunities and Obstacles in the Acquisition of Equal Rights (with an Extensive Bibliography) W. A. R. Shadid & P. S. van Koningsveld, 1995 Kampen: Kok Pharos Publishing House 229 pp., Dfl. 64,90 ISBN 90–393–0065–4

Religious Liberty: Principles for Judicial Interpretation of the Religious Clauses Jesse H. Choper, 1995 Chicago: University of Chicago Press xiii +198 pp., £19.95 ISBN 0–226–10445102

Schools of Reconciliation: Issues in Joint Roman Catholic‐Anglican Education Priscilla Chadwick, 1994 London: Cassell 229 pp., £35.00 (hb); £14.99 (pb) ISBN 0–304–33142–2     

Lifelong estrogen exposure and cognitive performance in elderly women

Fluctuating endogenous and exogenous estrogens influence cognition in women. In this study, cognitive functioning in elderly women was examined by applying methodology used in understanding the effects of chronic estrogen exposure on hormone-sensitive tissue other than the brain. An index, combining menstrual, reproductive, and physical markers associated with estrogen levels, was developed for elderly, nondemented, predominantly Caucasian women (n = 87). This index related to better performance on two verbal factors, one attentional and one global in nature. Findings suggest that estrogen exposure across the life span plays a role in brain aging. Possible physiological mechanisms for this effect are discussed.