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231.
Claudia C. Wolf Sebastian Ocklenburg Beyza Ören Cordula Becker Andrea Hofstätter Christa Bös Markus Popken Truls Thorstensen Onur Güntürkün 《Psychological research》2010,74(4):429-435
The stereotype of women’s limited parking skills is deeply anchored in modern culture. Although laboratory tests prove men’s
average superiority in visuospatial tasks and parking requires complex, spatial skills, underlying mechanisms remain unexplored.
Here, we investigated performance of beginners (nine women, eight men) and more experienced drivers (21 women, 27 men) at
different parking manoeuvres. Furthermore, subjects conducted the mental rotation test and self-assessed their parking skills.
We show that men park more accurately and especially faster than women. Performance is related to mental rotation skills and
self-assessment in beginners, but only to self-assessment in more experienced drivers. We assume that, due to differential
feedback, self-assessment incrementally replaces the controlling influence of mental rotation, as parking is trained with
increasing experience. Results suggest that sex differences in spatial cognition persist in real-life situations, but that
socio-psychological factors modulate the biological causes of sex differences. 相似文献
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233.
Dr. Christiane Hornstein Simone Schenk Susanne Wortmann-Fleischer George Downing Markus Schwarz 《Psychotherapeut》2006,51(5):363-368
Video recording is currently part of in- and out-patient therapy programs for parents with infants. The observation and analysis of video sequences allow the patient to gain an extraordinary insight with respect to its own experience and behaviour. Video Microanalytical Therapy (VMT) looks for the mother’s positive qualities in her relationship to the child and employs these qualities in order to support successful interactions. VMT is well-suited to the treatment of mothers with postpartal affective or psychotic disorders, because the typical cognitive distortions and reduced perception shown by these mothers can be avoided to a large extent through the use of pictures. In this study, a video microanalytical therapy concept will be presented, that was developed for the treatment of postpartally disordered mothers at the Psychiatric Centre Nordbaden in Wiesloch, Germany. 相似文献
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235.
Schuch Stefanie Dignath David Steinhauser Marco Janczyk Markus 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2019,26(1):222-240
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - The idea that conflict detection triggers control adjustments has been considered a basic principle of cognitive control. So far, this “conflict-control... 相似文献
236.
The video deficit effect (VDE) has been demonstrated in several studies on word learning, self-recognition, and imitation: Younger children (up to 3 years old) solved tasks more easily in a direct interaction with an examiner than when instructed by video (Anderson & Pempek, 2005). Older children might also be susceptible to a VDE, especially with more complex tasks; however, evidence is sparse. Furthermore, to what extent preschoolers’ understanding of others’ mental states (theory of mind) is impaired by video presentations has not been tested. We tested 174 children of 4 and 5 years of age in a traditional change of location task for false belief understanding (cf. Baron-Cohen, Leslie, & Frith, 1985). Children were presented with the original story, enacted by adult actors, in either a video or a live demonstration. Children watched the events in 2 live conditions, either through a 1-way mirror or directly. Our results indicate a significant VDE for 4- and 5-year-old children regarding the encoding and solution of the false belief task, respectively. 相似文献
237.
Steve M. Wood Alicia DeVault Monica K. Miller Markus Kemmelmeier Alicia D. Summers 《Journal of applied social psychology》2019,49(8):498-518
The current study examined the relationship between juror cognitive processing (measured by need for cognition [NFC]), attorney credibility, evidence strength, and civil litigation verdicts (liability, likelihood of causation, and compensatory damages). Participants (N = 446) viewed a videotaped mock civil trial in which the credibility of the attorneys and the strength of the plaintiff's evidence were manipulated. Plaintiff attorney credibility, defense attorney credibility, and strength of evidence interacted with one another for liability verdicts. In the strong evidence condition, the likelihood of a liable verdict was higher for a credible plaintiff attorney than a non‐credible plaintiff attorney when facing a non‐credible defense attorney. In the ambiguous evidence condition, the likelihood of a liable verdict was higher for a credible plaintiff attorney than a non‐credible plaintiff attorney when facing a credible defense attorney. Plaintiff attorney credibility, however, was found to be more influential on jurors’ decision‐making than case evidence for likelihood of causation and compensatory damage award decisions. Participants’ NFC also interacted with plaintiff attorney credibility. High NFC jurors were more influenced by a credible plaintiff attorney than low NFC jurors. Although these findings are counter to common findings in the NFC literature, they conform to a body of literature that supports the notion that jurors view attorney credibility as a piece of case evidence and not a peripheral cue as is often assumed. Thus, the findings indicate that attorneys do matter to the outcomes of cases. Policy and practice implications for attorneys and the courts are discussed. 相似文献
238.
Marius Leckelt David Richter Carsten Schrder Albrecht C. P. Küfner Markus M. Grabka Mitja D. Back 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2019,110(4):769-789
Beyond money and possessions, how are the rich different from the general population? Drawing on a unique sample of high‐net‐worth individuals from Germany (≥1 million Euro in financial assets; N = 130), nationally representative data (N = 22,981), and an additional online panel (N = 690), we provide the first direct investigation of the stereotypically perceived and self‐reported personality profiles of high‐net‐worth individuals. Investigating the broad personality traits of the Big Five and the more specific traits of narcissism and locus of control, we find that stereotypes about wealthy people's personality are accurate albeit somewhat exaggerated and that wealthy people can be characterized as stable, flexible, and agentic individuals who are focused more on themselves than on others. 相似文献
239.
Spatial cueing paradigms are popular tools to assess human attention to emotional stimuli, but different variants of these paradigms differ in what participants’ primary task is. In one variant, participants indicate the location of the target (location task), whereas in the other they indicate the shape of the target (identification task). In the present paper we test the idea that although these two variants produce seemingly comparable cue validity effects on response times, they rest on different underlying processes. Across four studies (total N?=?397; two in the supplement) using both variants and manipulating the motivational relevance of cue content, diffusion model analyses revealed that cue validity effects in location tasks are primarily driven by response biases, whereas the same effect rests on delay due to attention to the cue in identification tasks. Based on this, we predict and empirically support that a symmetrical distribution of valid and invalid cues would reduce cue validity effects in location tasks to a greater extent than in identification tasks. Across all variants of the task, we fail to replicate the effect of greater cue validity effects for arousing (vs. neutral) stimuli. We discuss the implications of these findings for best practice in spatial cueing research. 相似文献
240.