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81.
Melissa L. -H. Võ Jan Zwickel Werner X. Schneider 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(5):1251-1255
In this study, we investigated the immediate and persisting effects of object location changes on gaze control during scene viewing. Participants repeatedly inspected a randomized set of naturalistic scenes for later questioning. On the seventh presentation, an object was shown at a new location, whereas the change was reversed for all subsequent presentations of the scene. We tested whether deviations from stored scene representations would modify eye movements to the changed regions and whether these effects would persist. We found that changed objects were looked at longer and more often, regardless of change reportability. These effects were most pronounced immediately after the change occurred and quickly leveled off once a scene remained unchanged. However, participants continued to perform short validation checks to changed scene regions, which implies a persistent modulation of eye movement control beyond the occurrence of object location changes. 相似文献
82.
The authors investigated the coordination of periodic right-hand tapping with single stimulus-evoked discrete lefthand taps to check for task interactions and a possible relationship between phase resetting (see tapping literature; e.g., J. Yamanishi, M. Kawato, & R. Suzuki, 1979) and phase entrainment (see tremor literature; e.g., R. J. Elble, C. Higgins, & L. Hughes, 1994). The experimental paradigm employs a dual-task condition as used by K. Yoshino, K. Takagi, T. Nomura, S. Sato, and M. Tonoike (2002), and it includes normal tapping and isometric tapping with the authors recording finger positions and ground contact forces. Four different types of coordination schemes were observed in tapping behavior: marginal tapping interaction (MTI), periodic tap retardation (PTR), periodic tap hastening (PTH), and discrete tap entrainment (DTE); MTI and PTR correspond to the phase-resetting effect for the coordination of periodic tapping with single discrete taps. The novel aspect of the study described in this article includes the impact of the periodic tapping on the discrete tap timing and the hastening of the periodic tapping due to the discrete tap behaviors resulting in a synchronized execution of the two concurrent tapping tasks. All participants showed a dominant tapping behavior, but they all used the other nondominant forms of the four reported coordination schemes in some trials too, which reflects possible constraints of the sensorimotor system in handling two competing tasks. 相似文献
83.
Shannon E. Sauer Ruth A. Baer 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(4):378-386
The authors examined the relationships between change-based and acceptance-based strategies for responding to negative internal
experience (thoughts and emotions) and levels of psychological symptoms and well-being. A large sample of undergraduate students
completed measures of their general frequency of experiencing negative affect and intrusive thoughts, their typical ways of
responding when these experiences occur, and their levels of psychological symptoms and well-being. Correlational analyses
showed that most of the identified ways of responding to negative internal experiences were significantly related to psychological
symptoms and well-being, even after accounting for the general frequency of experiencing unwanted thoughts and emotions. Regression
analyses suggested that change-based ways of responding add little or no incremental variance over acceptance-based strategies
in accounting for lower symptom levels and greater well-being. 相似文献
84.
We extend an evolutionary perspective of development to the lifespan, proposing that human longevity may be related to the experience, knowledge, and wisdom provided by older members of human groups. In addition to the assistance in childcare provided by grandmothers to their daughters, the experience of wise elders could have served to benefit kin as well as members of the immediate group, and thus been the target of natural selection. We refer to the fitness-enhancing effect of cumulative and integrative knowledge of some members of a group as the Nestor effect, after the oldest member of the group of Greek kings in the siege of Troy. Furthermore, we argue that the contributions of such Nestors resulted in cultural innovations that in turn may have promoted care and respect for the elderly. This bidirectional effect makes culture both the product and producer of longevity. 相似文献
85.
Recent research suggests that emotion effects in word processing resemble those in other stimulus domains such as pictures or faces. The present study aims to provide more direct evidence for this notion by comparing emotion effects in word and face processing in a within-subject design. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded as participants made decisions on the lexicality of emotionally positive, negative, and neutral German verbs or pseudowords, and on the integrity of intact happy, angry, and neutral faces or slightly distorted faces. Relative to neutral and negative stimuli both positive verbs and happy faces elicited posterior ERP negativities that were indistinguishable in scalp distribution and resembled the early posterior negativities reported by others. Importantly, these ERP modulations appeared at very different latencies. Therefore, it appears that similar brain systems reflect the decoding of both biological and symbolic emotional signals of positive valence, differing mainly in the speed of meaning access, which is more direct and faster for facial expressions than for words. 相似文献
86.
The emotional content of stimuli influences cognitive performance. In two experiments, we investigated the time course and
mechanisms of emotional influences on visual word processing in various tasks by recording event-related brain potentials
(ERPs). The stimuli were verbs of positive, negative, and neutral valence. In Experiment 1, where lexical decisions had to
be performed on single verbs, both positive and negative verbs were processed more quickly than neutral verbs and elicited
a distinct ERP component, starting around 370 msec. In Experiment 2, the verbs were embedded in a semantic context provided
by single nouns. Likewise, structural, lexical, and semantic decisions for positive verbs were accelerated, and an ERP effect
with a scalp distribution comparable to that in Experiment 1 now started about 200 msec earlier. These effects may signal
an automatic allocation of attentional resources to emotionally arousing words, since they were not modulated by different
task demands. In contrast, a later ERP effect of emotion was restricted to lexical and semantic decisions and, thus, appears
to indicate more elaborated, task-dependent processing of emotional words. 相似文献
87.
Practice effects on dual-task processing are of interest in current research because they may reveal the scope and limits of parallel task processing. Here we used onsets of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), a time marker for the termination of response selection, to assess processing changes after five consecutive dual-task sessions with three stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) and priority on Task 1. Practice reduced reaction times in both tasks and the interference between tasks. As indicated by the LRP, the reduction of dual-task costs can be explained most parsimoniously by a shortening of the temporal demands of central bottleneck stages, without assuming parallel processing. However, the LRP also revealed a hitherto unreported early activation over the parietal scalp after practice in the short SOA condition, possibly indicating the isolation of stimulus-response translation from other central processing stages. In addition, further evidence was obtained from the LRP for a late motoric bottleneck, which is robust against practice. 相似文献
88.
Susan F. Cabrera Stephen J. Sauer Melissa C. Thomas-Hunt 《Psychology of women quarterly》2009,33(4):419-428
This study examined how external evaluators' assessments of a management team and its leader are impacted by congruence between the leader's gender and the gender typing of the industry in which the team works. We experimentally tested our theory using industries that are either male typed or gender neutral, with teams led by male and female leaders. Results indicate that performance expectations for the team were more favorable when the leader's gender was congruent with the industry's gender typing, but expectations for the leader were not affected by gender congruence. These findings paradoxically suggest that evaluators form performance expectations for teams based upon individual characteristics of their leaders, even when these characteristics have no effect on the conscious assessments of the leaders themselves. 相似文献
89.
90.