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201.
Martine Van Puyvelde Pol Vanfleteren Gerrit Loots Sara Deschuyffeleer Bart Vinck Wolfgang Jacquet Werner Verhelst 《Infant behavior & development》2010,33(4):387
This study reports the occurrence of ‘tonal synchrony’ as a new dimension of early mother–infant interaction synchrony. The findings are based on a tonal and temporal analysis of vocal interactions between 15 mothers and their 3-month-old infants during 5 min of free-play in a laboratory setting. In total, 558 vocal exchanges were identified and analysed, of which 84% reflected harmonic or pentatonic series. Another 10% of the exchanges contained absolute and/or relative pitch and/or interval imitations. The total durations of dyads being in tonal synchrony were normally distributed (M = 3.71, SD = 2.44). Vocalisations based on harmonic series appeared organised around the major triad, containing significantly more simple frequency ratios (octave, fifth and third) than complex ones (non-major triad tones). Tonal synchrony and its characteristics are discussed in relation to infant-directed speech, communicative musicality, pre-reflective communication and its impact on the quality of early mother–infant interaction and child's development. 相似文献
202.
We report a fascinating phenomenon that emerges when a surface is viewed through a tube held close to one eye, with the other eye open. The disk-shaped area seen through the tube looks strikingly brighter and, when viewed on a textured background, also of higher spatial contrast than the same surface area viewed without a tube. The effect is reminiscent of a spotlight illuminating the area under consideration. We call this the 'tube effect'. The tube effect is one of the strongest contrast illusions known to us. It requires a matching luminance that is twice as high as the reference luminance seen through the tube. Brightness ratings increase linearly with the log of the background luminance. The effect (i) produces a dark afterimage, (ii) reverses in polarity with low ambient illumination, (iii) assumes the complementary colour of the illuminant, and (iv) persists with fully dilated pupils. Potential explanations include simultaneous contrast (due to the penumbra and dark inner walls of the tube) and veiling of the surround (due to local adaptation and a lower gain factor). 相似文献
203.
Annette Hohlfeld Manuel Martín-Loeches Werner Sommer 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2015,11(2):42-55
The present study contributes to the discussion on the automaticity of semantic
processing. Whereas most previous research investigated semantic processing at
word level, the present study addressed semantic processing during sentence
reading. A dual task paradigm was combined with the recording of event-related
brain potentials. Previous research at word level processing reported different
patterns of interference with the N400 by additional tasks: attenuation of
amplitude or delay of latency. In the present study, we presented Spanish
sentences that were semantically correct or contained a semantic violation in a
critical word. At different intervals preceding the critical word a tone was
presented that required a high-priority choice response. At short intervals/high
temporal overlap between the tasks mean amplitude of the N400 was reduced
relative to long intervals/low temporal overlap, but there were no shifts of
peak latency. We propose that processing at sentence level exerts a protective
effect against the additional task. This is in accord with the attentional
sensitization model (Kiefer & Martens,
2010), which suggests that semantic processing is an automatic
process that can be enhanced by the currently activated task set. The present
experimental sentences also induced a P600, which is taken as an index of
integrative processing. Additional task effects are comparable to those in the
N400 time window and are briefly discussed. 相似文献
204.
205.
Albrecht Werner Inhoff Alexander Pollatsek Michael I. Posner Keith Rayner 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1989,41(1):63-89
Eye movements were monitored during the reading of spatially transformed text in order to examine covert attentional processes in reading. In some conditions, the sequence of letters within a word was congruent with (i.e. in the same direction as) the sequence of words in the sentence; in other conditions the direction of letters within words and the direction of words in the sentence were incongruent. In addition, the window of visible text was varied so that in some conditions only the fixated word (and all preceding words) were visible, whereas in other conditions the fixated word and the succeeding word were both visible. Readers were able to extract more parafoveal information from text when the words themselves were normal than when the letters within the words were transformed. However, with practice, readers were able to use some parafoveal information even when the words were transformed. The most important finding was that the congruity of the word and letter order had no reliable effect on the ability to extract parafoveal information and influenced reading performance only when the words themselves were normal. We conclude that covert attention in reading is not a letter-by-letter scan that sweeps across the page, but either an asymmetric spotlight held constant on each fixation or a shifting of an attentional spotlight extending across multiletter units (possibly words) with the direction of shifts of attention closely coupled to the direction of eye movements. 相似文献
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209.
Stürmer B Leuthold H Soetens E Schröter H Sommer W 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2002,28(6):1345-1363
In 4 Simon experiments the authors examined control over 2 routes of sensorimotor processing: response priming in the unconditional route and response selection via the conditional route. The Simon effect diminished as the frequency of noncorresponding trials increased. Location-based response priming was observed only when the stimulus followed a corresponding event but not after a noncorresponding trial. Therefore, the unconditional route appears to be suppressed whenever the task context indicates priming as potentially disadvantageous. Moreover, the task-irrelevant stimulus location was used for response selection as a function of correspondence probability. Although exact repetitions of stimulus-response sequences caused a marked speed-up of responses, this 3rd mechanism is independent of unconditional route suppression and frequency-based adjustments in the conditional route. 相似文献
210.
ABSTRACTFor decades, museums have been seeking diversity in their audiences, for reasons including equity, vitality, community relations, and audience development. The initial emphasis on diversity was about race, and although museum initiatives and programming forged ahead with evolving definitions of diversity, the visitor studies field has a mixed record of participating in that evolution. The usefulness of visitor demographics in representing diversity has been debated and, although the field has exploded simple conceptions such as “the typical visitor,” visitor research professionals have not thoroughly applied our skills to help museums understand how to define, encourage, and monitor diversity, or to document its benefits. This article suggests that more thoughtful measures of audience diversity can be created by expanding demographics with characteristics of personal identity. Pragmatic examples of such measures in visitor research are presented. 相似文献