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171.
Although the understanding of aggression has been significantly advanced through the study of relational aggression, past research has been limited by its predominant focus on children. This study examines the associations between relational aggression and social-psychological adjustment in a sample of young adults. A peer-nomination instrument was constructed to assess relational aggression, and self-reports of adjustment were obtained from 225 college students (45% male; mean age = 19.5). Regression analyses showed that relational aggression provided unique information, after controlling for age and gender, about peer rejection, prosocial behavior, antisocial personality features, and borderline personality features. Interactions with gender further showed that, for women, relational aggression was linked with bulimic symptoms. The importance of relational aggression for understanding adjustment problems during young adulthood are discussed. 相似文献
172.
Previous work has demonstrated that infants’ thresholds for a pure tone are elevated by a masker more than would be predicted from their critical bandwidths. The present studies explored the nature of this additional masking. In Experiment 1, detection thresholds of 6-month-old infants and of adults for a 1-kHz tone were estimated under three conditions: in quiet, in the presence of a 4- to 10-kHz bandpa] noise at 40 dB SPL, and in the presence of the same noise at 50 dB SPL. The noise was gated on at the beginning of each trial. Adult thresholds were the same in all three conditions, indicating that little or no sensory masking took place in the presence of the noise. Infant thresholds were about 10 dB higher in the presence of the noise. We term this effectdistraction masking. In Experiment 2, the effect of gating the noise on at trial onset was examined. Thresholds for the same tone were estimated in quiet and in the presence of the bandpass noise at 40 dB SPL, but the noise was presented continuously during the session. Under these conditions, distraction masking was still observed for infants. These findings suggest that a masker can have nonsensory effects on infants’ performance in a psychoacoustic task. 相似文献
173.
174.
A pair of experiments investigated the short-term memory of pigeons under delayed simple and conditional discriminations. Trial sequences in both discriminations consisted of a color as the sample stimulus, a memory interval, a line orientation as the test stimulus, and a trial outcome, which was either food reinforcement or blackout. Pecking rates during the test stimulus defined discrimination performance. In the simple discrimination, the sample provided the necessary information regarding the subsequent trial outcome. In the conditional discrimination, the sample and test stimuli conjointly provided this information. In Experiment 1, the two procedures were compared with independent groups of pigeons. In Experiment 2, the comparison was made within subjects. The simple discrimination was acquired more quickly and was performed better with a memory requirement. Introduction of long delays disrupted performance even at shorter delays in both discriminations. Postulation of prospective as well as retrospective mediating processes facilitates the interpretation of these results. 相似文献
175.
Luke J. Matthews Werner B. Hertzog Thanos Kyritsis Rose Kerber 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2023,62(1):5-27
While multiple studies have applied cultural evolutionary perspectives to the study of religion, few studies have examined the cultural evolutionary dynamics of a more secretive but equally ubiquitous form of supernatural belief: magic. We conducted two studies, an American nationally representative survey and a comparative phylogenetic analysis of religious traditions, to test three hypothesized cultural evolutionary drivers for beliefs in magic. We find the greatest support for the hypothesis that magic is employed when it provides its users benefits that are distinct from those provided by either science or religion, some support for secularization (broadly conceived) trends applying to magic, and no evidence that innate and unavoidable features of human cognition are primary drivers of the cultural evolution of magical beliefs. We conclude by suggesting specific hypothesized benefits for magic that may account for the evolution of humanity's facultative (i.e., context-dependent) use of magical beliefs. 相似文献
176.
Over the past years, a number of probabilistic measures of coherence have been proposed. As shown in the paper, however, many
of them do not conform to the intuitition that equivalent testimonies are highly coherent, regardless of their prior probability. 相似文献
177.
Repetition priming of object identification refers to the phenomenon whereby experience with an object induces systematic changes in subsequent processing of that same object. This data-driven form of priming is distinct from conceptually-driven priming. To date, considerable controversy exists about whether data-driven priming reflects facilitation in perceptual processing or mediation by preexisting object representations. The present study concerned priming of recognizing familiar and unfamiliar faces and how this priming is influenced by face inversion, which interferes with perceptual face processing. Perceptual and representation-based loci conjointly contributed to priming; the perceptual locus was operative similarly for familiar and unfamiliar faces, whereas the representation-based locus was only invoked for familiar faces and resulted in a response-time reduction triple the magnitude of that from the perceptual locus. The results constrain theoretical accounts of data-driven priming by indicating that improved identification can result from the combination of perceptual and representation-based facilitation. 相似文献
178.
Westerhausen R Kreuder F Dos Santos Sequeira S Walter C Woerner W Wittling RA Schweiger E Wittling W 《Brain and language》2006,97(1):80-90
The present study aimed to examine how differences in functional lateralisation of language are related to interindividual variations in interhemispheric connectivity. Utilising an fMRI silent word-generation paradigm, 89 left- and right-handed subjects were subdivided into four lateralisation subgroups. Applying morphological and diffusion-tensor MRI, midsagittal cross-sectional area as well as quantitative measures of molecular diffusion (anisotropy, mean diffusion) of the corpus callosum were determined to assess interhemispheric connectivity. Statistical analyses revealed group differences in molecular diffusion but not in callosal size, which may be interpreted to reflect a stronger and/or faster interhemispheric connection in strongly left-lateralised subjects as compared to moderately left-lateralised, bilateral, or moderately right-lateralised subjects. 相似文献
179.
Two experiments are reported that explore why recent investigations of implicit memory failed to find any effects of color
information on test performance. In the first experiment, participants studied colored pictures as well as words printed in
colored ink without any memory instructions. During the test phase, a verbal and a pictorial version of a color-choice task
(a conceptual priming test) were compared to two perceptual tests (word-stem completion and picture-fragment identification).
Similar and significant amounts of priming to color occurred in both color-choice tasks. The perceptual tests were found to
be sensitive to changes in the stimulus-presentation mode from study to test, but stimuli remaining the same color and those
changed to black-and-white did not differ in the priming scores. In the second experiment, a mild division of attention was
introduced in the study phase. Once again, priming to color was observed only in the verbal version of a color-choice test
and not in the word-stem completion test. Dividing attention did not decrease performance on both implicit tests, whereas
an explicit test of color recall for studied pictures suffered from dividing attention at encoding. It is concluded that a
perceptual attribute such as color may be represented and coded by conceptual processing. Furthermore, automatic (or not attention-demanding)
encoding processes may suffice for later conceptual tests of implicit memory. Previous failures to find any effects of color
information on implicit performance are attributed to the use of perceptual priming tests.
Received: 30 June 1997 / Accepted: 20 April 1998 相似文献
180.
Werner F. Helsen Janet L. Starkes Digby Elliott Kathryn L. Ricker 《Behavior research methods》1998,30(4):617-623
This study synchronized sampling of point of gaze (PG) and hand movements in a fast aiming task, using a 60- and a 120-Hz sampling frequency. The subjects moved eyes, head, hand, and trunk freely. For limb kinematics, a significant difference between sampling conditions was only found for the number of accelerations in the profile following peak velocity of the hand. For PG movements, no differences were found for initiation time, saccade angle, fixation duration, and overall number of saccades. However, significant differences were observed for saccade duration. Previously, an invariant feature was found for the ratio of PG and hand response times (50%). For both sampling frequencies, a significant correlation and, thus, temporal coupling was found between PG response time and time to peak acceleration for the hand. Depending on the measures required, a 60-Hz sampling of PG and hand movements may provide as meaningful results as a 120-Hz sampling. 相似文献