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311.
Offside decisions by expert assistant referees in association football: Perception and recall of spatial positions in complex dynamic events 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gilis B Helsen W Catteeuw P Wagemans J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2008,14(1):21-35
This study investigated the offside decision-making process in association football. The first aim was to capture the specific offside decision-making skills in complex dynamic events. Second, we analyzed the type of errors to investigate the factors leading to incorrect decisions. Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA; n = 29) and Belgian elite (n = 28) assistant referees (ARs) assessed 64 computer-based offside situations. First, an expertise effect was found. The FIFA ARs assessed the trials more accurately than the Belgian ARs (76.4% vs. 67.5%). Second, regarding the type of error, all ARs clearly tended to raise their flag in doubtful situations. This observation could be explained by a perceptual bias associated with the flash-lag effect. Specifically, attackers were perceived ahead of their actual positions, and this tendency was stronger for the Belgian than for the FIFA ARs (11.0 vs. 8.4 pixels), in particular when the difficulty of the trials increased. Further experimentation is needed to examine whether video- and computer-based decision-making training is effective in improving the decision-making skills of ARs during the game. 相似文献
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Werner Heisenberg 《Erkenntnis》1931,2(1):172-182
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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Self-deception entails apparent conceptual paradoxes and poses the dilemma between two competing needs: the need for stability of the self-concept, on the one hand, and the need to accept reality, on the other. It is argued, first, that conceptual difficulties can be avoided by distinguishing two levels of explanation. Whereas, in a personal language, “the person” deceives him- or her-self, a cognitive (“subpersonal”) approach explains this self-deception by reference to the interplay of cognitive processes of which the person is not aware. Second, the tension between stability and adjustment of the self can be resolved by self-immunization, which maintains the stability of central self-conceptions by adjusting peripheral aspects and their diagnostic value for the central concepts. Processes of self-immunization were investigated in a series of studies operating on both levels of explanation. Implications for psychological explanations of personal phenomena such as self-images and self-insight are discussed. 相似文献
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Annekathrin Schacht Olaf Dimigen Werner Sommer 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(3):349-356
It has been suggested that cognitive conflicts require effortful processing and, therefore, are aversive (Botvinick, 2007).
In the present study, we compared conflicts emerging from the inhibition of a predominant response tendency in a go/no-go
task with those between incompatible response activations in a Simon task in a within-subjects design, using the same type
of stimuli. Whereas no-go trials elicited reduced skin conductance and pupillometric responses, but prolonged corrugator muscle
activity, as compared with go trials, incompatible and compatible Simon trials were indistinguishable with respect to these
parameters. Furthermore, the conflictsensitive N2 components of the event-related brain potential were similar in amplitude,
but showed significantly different scalp distributions, indicating dissociable neural generator systems. The present findings
suggest the involvement of different emotional and cognitive processes in both types of cognitive conflicts—none being aversive,
however. In addition, the N2 findings call into question claims of common monitoring systems for all kinds of cognitive conflicts. 相似文献