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351.
The composite direct product model for the multitrait-multimethod matrix is reparameterized as a second-order factor analysis model. This facilitates the use of widely available computer programs such as LISREL and LISCOMP for fitting the model.Bruce Bloxom. Paul Horst and Karl Jöreskog contributed helpful comments to an earlier version of this paper. Their suggestions are gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
352.
技术的文化塑造与技术多样性的政治学 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
技术的文化塑造是技术的社会形成理论的具体化."文化塑造"一词具有多种意义,在技术的社会形成过程中,文化扮演着重要的角色和作用.具体而言,技术的文化塑造涉及到技术发展中的文化意义和技术政策的意义,它反对长期流行的技术决定论的观点,即技术统治论式的技术政策.本文最引人注目之处在于提出了"技术的不确定性循环"这一概念,即认为新技术从一开始就具有明显的不确定性特征,并构成了以后的系列问题.技术的这一循环特征包括了以多种方式相互交织的不确定性.而技术的不确定性循环,则必然要涉及到技术的多样性,以及技术创新体制和互动创新网络的构建,并最终关联到技术多样性的政治学的构建. 相似文献
353.
Kapka Mancheva Jens D. Rollnik Werner Wolf Reinhard Dengler 《Journal of motor behavior》2017,49(3):299-305
The authors' aim was to investigate the changes of corticospinal excitability during kinesthetic illusions induced by tendon vibration. Motor-evoked potentials in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation were recorded from the vibrated flexor carpi radialis and its antagonist, extensor carpi radialis. The illusions were evoked under vision conditions without feedback for the position of the wrist (open or closed eyes). In these two conditions motor-evoked potential changes during vibration in the antagonist were not identical. This discrepancy may be a result of 2 simultaneously acting, different and opposite influences and the balance between them depends on visual conditions. Thus, the illusion was accompanied by the facilitation of corticospinal excitability in both vibrated muscle and its antagonist. 相似文献
354.
Preston J. Werner 《European Journal of Philosophy》2017,25(4):1791-1809
According to a posteriori ethical intuitionism (AEI), perceptual experiences can provide non‐inferential justification for at least some moral beliefs. Moral epistemology, for the defender of AEI, is less like the epistemology of math and more like the epistemology of tables and chairs. One serious threat to AEI comes from the phenomenon of cognitive penetration. The worry is that even if evaluative properties could figure in the contents of experience, they would only be able to do so if prior cognitive states influence perceptual experience. Such influences would undermine the non‐inferential, foundationalist credentials of AEI. In this paper, I defend AEI against this objection. Rather than deny that cognitive penetration exists, I argue that some types of cognitive penetrability are actually compatible with AEI's foundationalist structure. This involves teasing apart the question of whether some particular perceptual process has justification‐conferring features from the question of how it came to have those features in the first place. Once this distinction is made, it becomes clear that some kinds of cognitive penetration are compatible with the non‐inferential status of moral perceptual experiences as the proponent of AEI claims. 相似文献
355.
Guillermo Recio Oliver Wilhelm Werner Sommer Andrea Hildebrandt 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2017,17(2):364-380
Despite a wealth of knowledge about the neural mechanisms behind emotional facial expression processing, little is known about how they relate to individual differences in social cognition abilities. We studied individual differences in the event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by dynamic facial expressions. First, we assessed the latent structure of the ERPs, reflecting structural face processing in the N170, and the allocation of processing resources and reflexive attention to emotionally salient stimuli, in the early posterior negativity (EPN) and the late positive complex (LPC). Then we estimated brain–behavior relationships between the ERP factors and behavioral indicators of facial identity and emotion-processing abilities. Structural models revealed that the participants who formed faster structural representations of neutral faces (i.e., shorter N170 latencies) performed better at face perception (r = –.51) and memory (r = –.42). The N170 amplitude was not related to individual differences in face cognition or emotion processing. The latent EPN factor correlated with emotion perception (r = .47) and memory (r = .32), and also with face perception abilities (r = .41). Interestingly, the latent factor representing the difference in EPN amplitudes between the two neutral control conditions (chewing and blinking movements) also correlated with emotion perception (r = .51), highlighting the importance of tracking facial changes in the perception of emotional facial expressions. The LPC factor for negative expressions correlated with the memory for emotional facial expressions. The links revealed between the latency and strength of activations of brain systems and individual differences in processing socio-emotional information provide new insights into the brain mechanisms involved in social communication. 相似文献
356.
Witthöft M Sander N Süss HM Wittmann WW 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2009,16(2):133-163
According to the inhibition-deficit hypothesis age differences in working memory capacity and fluid intelligence have been attributed to a decline in inhibitory efficiency. Conceptualizing inhibition as multifaceted, 88 participants (49 younger and 39 elderly) completed two versions of the negative priming paradigm (identification and localization), and two variants of the directed forgetting paradigm (listwise and itemwise). Two tasks of the Wechsler Intelligence Test with high loadings on general fluid intelligence (Gf) served as validation criteria. Results revealed task-specific and speed-independent inhibitory deficits in the elderly (lower negative priming in both paradigms; more intrusions in the directed forgetting tasks), as well as higher levels of repetition priming. Significant correlations between measures of inhibition and the Wechsler scores were found in both age groups. Results support the view of multiple inhibitory-like capabilities that play a central role in the decline of higher-order cognitive functions in old age. 相似文献
357.
Boris Kotchoubey Jochen Kaiser Vladimir Bostanov Werner Lutzenberger Niels Birbaumer 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2009,9(2):153-167
A passive oddball experiment was used in which stimuli were emotional exclamations differing in their affective tone. In both
electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), deviants elicited an N300 component, sometimes accompanied
by a slow wave. Both components had a symmetrical distribution, but the former was more posterior than the latter. The same
responses to prosodic stimuli were significant in 6 of 27 patients with severe disorders of consciousness (persistent vegetative
state and minimally conscious state) and in all 3 of the examined locked-in patients, indicating that the procedure can be
applied for testing neurological patients. The occurrence of significant responses depended on the presence or absence of
a lesion to the right temporal lobe. Obviously, the N300 depends on the activity of the right temporal cortex but does not
originate there. We suggest that the component is related not to the recognition of affective prosody as such, but to the
following detection of affective mismatch due to violations of emotional context of stimulation. 相似文献
358.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of fetal alcohol exposure, maternal depressive symptoms, and low emotional support from the husband on infant irritability in the first one and a half years of life. Four models describing the interplay of these factors were assessed: A direct effect model, an interaction or threshold model, a mediational model and a transactional model. Method: A sample of initially 458 women was assessed in a prospective 3‐wave study across the first 17 months after childbirth. Fetal alcohol exposure was questioned retrospectively six weeks after birth. Infant irritability was reported by the mothers and fathers. Results: Support for the direct effect model and the interaction model could be found: Fetal alcohol exposure and low emotional support from the husband were associated with increased infant irritability at 5 months. The impact of fetal alcohol exposure was moderated by postnatal depressive symptoms. More irritability was reported if both risk factors, prenatal alcohol exposure and maternal depressive symptoms, were present. Infant irritability and maternal depressive symptoms were associated cross‐sectionally. At the age of 17 months only a main effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on irritability could be found. Conclusion: Direct effects of fetal alcohol exposure, maternal depressive symptoms, and low emotional support from the husband on infant irritability as well as an interaction between fetal alcohol exposure and maternal depressive symptoms were revealed. The interaction can be understood in terms of a diathesis‐stress model. However, no longitudinal associations between maternal depressive symptoms and infant irritability could be found. 相似文献
359.
Important evidence about the information flow between perceptual and motor processes has been obtained from the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) recorded in two-choice go/nogo tasks. Here, we investigated the effect of time pressure on information transmission for one-dimensional stimuli (four squares differing in size). In between- and within-subject designs, respectively, Experiments 1 and 2 showed that under time pressure partial information initiates hand decision and response preparation before complete size information is available. These findings appear to be at odds with the asynchronous discrete coding model. Experiment 3 assessed the mechanisms behind these effects by manipulating the relative difficulty of extracting hand- and go/nogo-specific information from the size of the stimuli. Consistent with asynchronous coding, our results suggest that serial-consecutive processes in extracting partial and full size information may occur also for one-dimensional stimuli. Our data are inconclusive as to the question of discreteness or continuity of information transmission. On a more general level, our data support the notion of flexibility in the coding of perceptual dimensions to adapt performance to environmental conditions. 相似文献
360.
The age-correlated gains and losses in visual identification under backward pattern masking were studied in a representative
sample of 226 individuals ranging from 6 to 88 years of age. Participants identified masked symbols at leisure under high
and low stimulus quality and at varying Stimulus Onset Asynchronies. Performance increased from childhood to early adulthood
and then decreased, describing the common inverted U-shaped function. However, measures of general processing speed accounted
for the gains in childhood and adolescence but not for losses in older age. This asymmetry between child development and aging
is inconsistent with general-factor lifespan theories of cognitive development and suggests that specific mechanisms underlying
visual identification during child development and aging are different. 相似文献